Optimize Application class memory layout and reduce loop_interval size

Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -33,9 +33,14 @@ namespace api {
 // Since each message could contain multiple protobuf messages when using packet batching,
 // this limits the number of messages processed, not the number of TCP packets.
 static constexpr uint8_t MAX_MESSAGES_PER_LOOP = 5;
+static constexpr uint8_t MAX_PING_RETRIES = 60;
+static constexpr uint16_t PING_RETRY_INTERVAL = 1000;
+static constexpr uint32_t KEEPALIVE_DISCONNECT_TIMEOUT = (KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS * 5) / 2;
 
 static const char *const TAG = "api.connection";
+#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
 static const int ESP32_CAMERA_STOP_STREAM = 5000;
+#endif
 
 APIConnection::APIConnection(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> sock, APIServer *parent)
     : parent_(parent), initial_state_iterator_(this), list_entities_iterator_(this) {
@@ -60,10 +65,6 @@ uint32_t APIConnection::get_batch_delay_ms_() const { return this->parent_->get_
 void APIConnection::start() {
   this->last_traffic_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
-  // Set next_ping_retry_ to prevent immediate ping
-  // This ensures the first ping happens after the keepalive period
-  this->next_ping_retry_ = this->last_traffic_ + KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS;
-
   APIError err = this->helper_->init();
   if (err != APIError::OK) {
     on_fatal_error();
@@ -90,16 +91,6 @@ APIConnection::~APIConnection() {
 }
 
 void APIConnection::loop() {
-  if (this->remove_)
-    return;
-
-  if (!network::is_connected()) {
-    // when network is disconnected force disconnect immediately
-    // don't wait for timeout
-    this->on_fatal_error();
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "%s: Network unavailable; disconnecting", this->get_client_combined_info().c_str());
-    return;
-  }
   if (this->next_close_) {
     // requested a disconnect
     this->helper_->close();
@@ -152,39 +143,31 @@ void APIConnection::loop() {
 
   // Process deferred batch if scheduled
   if (this->deferred_batch_.batch_scheduled &&
-      App.get_loop_component_start_time() - this->deferred_batch_.batch_start_time >= this->get_batch_delay_ms_()) {
+      now - this->deferred_batch_.batch_start_time >= this->get_batch_delay_ms_()) {
     this->process_batch_();
   }
 
-  if (!this->list_entities_iterator_.completed())
+  if (!this->list_entities_iterator_.completed()) {
     this->list_entities_iterator_.advance();
-  if (!this->initial_state_iterator_.completed() && this->list_entities_iterator_.completed())
+  } else if (!this->initial_state_iterator_.completed()) {
     this->initial_state_iterator_.advance();
+  }
 
-  static uint8_t max_ping_retries = 60;
-  static uint16_t ping_retry_interval = 1000;
   if (this->sent_ping_) {
     // Disconnect if not responded within 2.5*keepalive
-    if (now - this->last_traffic_ > (KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS * 5) / 2) {
+    if (now - this->last_traffic_ > KEEPALIVE_DISCONNECT_TIMEOUT) {
       on_fatal_error();
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "%s is unresponsive; disconnecting", this->get_client_combined_info().c_str());
     }
-  } else if (now - this->last_traffic_ > KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS && now > this->next_ping_retry_) {
+  } else if (now - this->last_traffic_ > KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS) {
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Sending keepalive PING");
     this->sent_ping_ = this->send_message(PingRequest());
     if (!this->sent_ping_) {
-      this->next_ping_retry_ = now + ping_retry_interval;
+      // If we can't send the ping request directly (tx_buffer full),
-      this->ping_retries_++;
+      // schedule it at the front of the batch so it will be sent with priority
-      std::string warn_str = str_sprintf("%s: Sending keepalive failed %u time(s);",
+      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Failed to send ping directly, scheduling at front of batch");
-                                         this->get_client_combined_info().c_str(), this->ping_retries_);
+      this->schedule_message_front_(nullptr, &APIConnection::try_send_ping_request, PingRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE);
-      if (this->ping_retries_ >= max_ping_retries) {
+      this->sent_ping_ = true;  // Mark as sent to avoid scheduling multiple pings
-        on_fatal_error();
-        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "%s disconnecting", warn_str.c_str());
-      } else if (this->ping_retries_ >= 10) {
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "%s retrying in %u ms", warn_str.c_str(), ping_retry_interval);
-      } else {
-        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "%s retrying in %u ms", warn_str.c_str(), ping_retry_interval);
-      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -207,22 +190,20 @@ void APIConnection::loop() {
     // bool done = 3;
     buffer.encode_bool(3, done);
 
-    bool success = this->send_buffer(buffer, 44);
+    bool success = this->send_buffer(buffer, CameraImageResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE);
 
     if (success) {
       this->image_reader_.consume_data(to_send);
-    }
+      if (done) {
-    if (success && done) {
+        this->image_reader_.return_image();
-      this->image_reader_.return_image();
+      }
     }
   }
 #endif
 
-  if (state_subs_at_ != -1) {
+  if (state_subs_at_ >= 0) {
     const auto &subs = this->parent_->get_state_subs();
-    if (state_subs_at_ >= (int) subs.size()) {
+    if (state_subs_at_ < static_cast<int>(subs.size())) {
-      state_subs_at_ = -1;
-    } else {
       auto &it = subs[state_subs_at_];
       SubscribeHomeAssistantStateResponse resp;
       resp.entity_id = it.entity_id;
@@ -231,6 +212,8 @@ void APIConnection::loop() {
       if (this->send_message(resp)) {
         state_subs_at_++;
       }
+    } else {
+      state_subs_at_ = -1;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1440,7 +1423,7 @@ void APIConnection::alarm_control_panel_command(const AlarmControlPanelCommandRe
 
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
 void APIConnection::send_event(event::Event *event, const std::string &event_type) {
-  this->schedule_message_(event, MessageCreator(event_type, EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE), EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE);
+  this->schedule_message_(event, MessageCreator(event_type), EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE);
 }
 void APIConnection::send_event_info(event::Event *event) {
   this->schedule_message_(event, &APIConnection::try_send_event_info, ListEntitiesEventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE);
@@ -1760,6 +1743,11 @@ void APIConnection::DeferredBatch::add_item(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator c
   items.emplace_back(entity, std::move(creator), message_type);
 }
 
+void APIConnection::DeferredBatch::add_item_front(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint16_t message_type) {
+  // Insert at front for high priority messages (no deduplication check)
+  items.insert(items.begin(), BatchItem(entity, std::move(creator), message_type));
+}
+
 bool APIConnection::schedule_batch_() {
   if (!this->deferred_batch_.batch_scheduled) {
     this->deferred_batch_.batch_scheduled = true;
@@ -1795,7 +1783,8 @@ void APIConnection::process_batch_() {
     const auto &item = this->deferred_batch_.items[0];
 
     // Let the creator calculate size and encode if it fits
-    uint16_t payload_size = item.creator(item.entity, this, std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max(), true);
+    uint16_t payload_size =
+        item.creator(item.entity, this, std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max(), true, item.message_type);
 
     if (payload_size > 0 &&
         this->send_buffer(ProtoWriteBuffer{&this->parent_->get_shared_buffer_ref()}, item.message_type)) {
@@ -1845,7 +1834,7 @@ void APIConnection::process_batch_() {
   for (const auto &item : this->deferred_batch_.items) {
     // Try to encode message
     // The creator will calculate overhead to determine if the message fits
-    uint16_t payload_size = item.creator(item.entity, this, remaining_size, false);
+    uint16_t payload_size = item.creator(item.entity, this, remaining_size, false, item.message_type);
 
     if (payload_size == 0) {
       // Message won't fit, stop processing
@@ -1908,21 +1897,23 @@ void APIConnection::process_batch_() {
 }
 
 uint16_t APIConnection::MessageCreator::operator()(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
-                                                   bool is_single) const {
+                                                   bool is_single, uint16_t message_type) const {
-  switch (message_type_) {
+  if (has_tagged_string_ptr_()) {
-    case 0:  // Function pointer
+    // Handle string-based messages
-      return data_.ptr(entity, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
+    switch (message_type) {
-
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-    case EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE: {
+      case EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE: {
-      auto *e = static_cast<event::Event *>(entity);
+        auto *e = static_cast<event::Event *>(entity);
-      return APIConnection::try_send_event_response(e, *data_.string_ptr, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
+        return APIConnection::try_send_event_response(e, *get_string_ptr_(), conn, remaining_size, is_single);
-    }
+      }
 #endif
-
+      default:
-    default:
+        // Should not happen, return 0 to indicate no message
-      // Should not happen, return 0 to indicate no message
+        return 0;
-      return 0;
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Function pointer case
+    return data_.ptr(entity, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1938,6 +1929,12 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_disconnect_request(EntityBase *entity, APIConne
   return encode_message_to_buffer(req, DisconnectRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 
+uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_ping_request(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
+                                              bool is_single) {
+  PingRequest req;
+  return encode_message_to_buffer(req, PingRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
+}
+
 uint16_t APIConnection::get_estimated_message_size(uint16_t message_type) {
   // Use generated ESTIMATED_SIZE constants from each message type
   switch (message_type) {

esphome/components/api/api_connection.h

@@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   void on_disconnect_response(const DisconnectResponse &value) override;
   void on_ping_response(const PingResponse &value) override {
     // we initiated ping
-    this->ping_retries_ = 0;
     this->sent_ping_ = false;
   }
   void on_home_assistant_state_response(const HomeAssistantStateResponse &msg) override;
@@ -441,13 +440,16 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   // Helper function to get estimated message size for buffer pre-allocation
   static uint16_t get_estimated_message_size(uint16_t message_type);
 
+  // Batch message method for ping requests
+  static uint16_t try_send_ping_request(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
+                                        bool is_single);
+
   // Pointers first (4 bytes each, naturally aligned)
   std::unique_ptr<APIFrameHelper> helper_;
   APIServer *parent_;
 
   // 4-byte aligned types
   uint32_t last_traffic_;
-  uint32_t next_ping_retry_{0};
   int state_subs_at_ = -1;
 
   // Strings (12 bytes each on 32-bit)
@@ -470,8 +472,7 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   bool sent_ping_{false};
   bool service_call_subscription_{false};
   bool next_close_ = false;
-  uint8_t ping_retries_{0};
+  // 7 bytes used, 1 byte padding
-  // 8 bytes used, no padding needed
 
   // Larger objects at the end
   InitialStateIterator initial_state_iterator_;
@@ -483,55 +484,57 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   // Function pointer type for message encoding
   using MessageCreatorPtr = uint16_t (*)(EntityBase *, APIConnection *, uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single);
 
-  // Optimized MessageCreator class using union dispatch
+  // Optimized MessageCreator class using tagged pointer
   class MessageCreator {
+    // Ensure pointer alignment allows LSB tagging
+    static_assert(alignof(std::string *) > 1, "String pointer alignment must be > 1 for LSB tagging");
+
    public:
-    // Constructor for function pointer (message_type = 0)
+    // Constructor for function pointer
-    MessageCreator(MessageCreatorPtr ptr) : message_type_(0) { data_.ptr = ptr; }
+    MessageCreator(MessageCreatorPtr ptr) {
+      // Function pointers are always aligned, so LSB is 0
+      data_.ptr = ptr;
+    }
 
     // Constructor for string state capture
-    MessageCreator(const std::string &value, uint16_t msg_type) : message_type_(msg_type) {
+    explicit MessageCreator(const std::string &str_value) {
-      data_.string_ptr = new std::string(value);
+      // Allocate string and tag the pointer
+      auto *str = new std::string(str_value);
+      // Set LSB to 1 to indicate string pointer
+      data_.tagged = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(str) | 1;
     }
 
     // Destructor
     ~MessageCreator() {
-      // Clean up string data for string-based message types
+      if (has_tagged_string_ptr_()) {
-      if (uses_string_data_()) {
+        delete get_string_ptr_();
-        delete data_.string_ptr;
       }
     }
 
     // Copy constructor
-    MessageCreator(const MessageCreator &other) : message_type_(other.message_type_) {
+    MessageCreator(const MessageCreator &other) {
-      if (message_type_ == 0) {
+      if (other.has_tagged_string_ptr_()) {
-        data_.ptr = other.data_.ptr;
+        auto *str = new std::string(*other.get_string_ptr_());
-      } else if (uses_string_data_()) {
+        data_.tagged = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(str) | 1;
-        data_.string_ptr = new std::string(*other.data_.string_ptr);
       } else {
-        data_ = other.data_;  // For POD types
+        data_ = other.data_;
       }
     }
 
     // Move constructor
-    MessageCreator(MessageCreator &&other) noexcept : data_(other.data_), message_type_(other.message_type_) {
+    MessageCreator(MessageCreator &&other) noexcept : data_(other.data_) { other.data_.ptr = nullptr; }
-      other.message_type_ = 0;  // Reset other to function pointer type
-      other.data_.ptr = nullptr;
-    }
 
     // Assignment operators (needed for batch deduplication)
     MessageCreator &operator=(const MessageCreator &other) {
       if (this != &other) {
         // Clean up current string data if needed
-        if (uses_string_data_()) {
+        if (has_tagged_string_ptr_()) {
-          delete data_.string_ptr;
+          delete get_string_ptr_();
         }
         // Copy new data
-        message_type_ = other.message_type_;
+        if (other.has_tagged_string_ptr_()) {
-        if (other.message_type_ == 0) {
+          auto *str = new std::string(*other.get_string_ptr_());
-          data_.ptr = other.data_.ptr;
+          data_.tagged = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(str) | 1;
-        } else if (other.uses_string_data_()) {
-          data_.string_ptr = new std::string(*other.data_.string_ptr);
         } else {
           data_ = other.data_;
         }
@@ -542,30 +545,35 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
     MessageCreator &operator=(MessageCreator &&other) noexcept {
       if (this != &other) {
         // Clean up current string data if needed
-        if (uses_string_data_()) {
+        if (has_tagged_string_ptr_()) {
-          delete data_.string_ptr;
+          delete get_string_ptr_();
         }
         // Move data
-        message_type_ = other.message_type_;
         data_ = other.data_;
         // Reset other to safe state
-        other.message_type_ = 0;
         other.data_.ptr = nullptr;
       }
       return *this;
     }
 
-    // Call operator
+    // Call operator - now accepts message_type as parameter
-    uint16_t operator()(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single) const;
+    uint16_t operator()(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single,
+                        uint16_t message_type) const;
 
    private:
-    // Helper to check if this message type uses heap-allocated strings
+    // Check if this contains a string pointer
-    bool uses_string_data_() const { return message_type_ == EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE; }
+    bool has_tagged_string_ptr_() const { return (data_.tagged & 1) != 0; }
-    union CreatorData {
+
-      MessageCreatorPtr ptr;    // 8 bytes
+    // Get the actual string pointer (clears the tag bit)
-      std::string *string_ptr;  // 8 bytes
+    std::string *get_string_ptr_() const {
-    } data_;                    // 8 bytes
+      // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-no-int-to-ptr)
-    uint16_t message_type_;     // 2 bytes (0 = function ptr, >0 = state capture)
+      return reinterpret_cast<std::string *>(data_.tagged & ~uintptr_t(1));
+    }
+
+    union {
+      MessageCreatorPtr ptr;
+      uintptr_t tagged;
+    } data_;  // 4 bytes on 32-bit
   };
 
   // Generic batching mechanism for both state updates and entity info
@@ -591,6 +599,8 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
 
     // Add item to the batch
     void add_item(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint16_t message_type);
+    // Add item to the front of the batch (for high priority messages like ping)
+    void add_item_front(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint16_t message_type);
     void clear() {
       items.clear();
       batch_scheduled = false;
@@ -630,6 +640,12 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   bool schedule_message_(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreatorPtr function_ptr, uint16_t message_type) {
     return schedule_message_(entity, MessageCreator(function_ptr), message_type);
   }
+
+  // Helper function to schedule a high priority message at the front of the batch
+  bool schedule_message_front_(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreatorPtr function_ptr, uint16_t message_type) {
+    this->deferred_batch_.add_item_front(entity, MessageCreator(function_ptr), message_type);
+    return this->schedule_batch_();
+  }
 };
 
 }  // namespace api

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper.cpp

@@ -66,6 +66,17 @@ const char *api_error_to_str(APIError err) {
   return "UNKNOWN";
 }
 
+// Default implementation for loop - handles sending buffered data
+APIError APIFrameHelper::loop() {
+  if (!this->tx_buf_.empty()) {
+    APIError err = try_send_tx_buf_();
+    if (err != APIError::OK && err != APIError::WOULD_BLOCK) {
+      return err;
+    }
+  }
+  return APIError::OK;  // Convert WOULD_BLOCK to OK to avoid connection termination
+}
+
 // Helper method to buffer data from IOVs
 void APIFrameHelper::buffer_data_from_iov_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, uint16_t total_write_len) {
   SendBuffer buffer;
@@ -287,13 +298,8 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::loop() {
     }
   }
 
-  if (!this->tx_buf_.empty()) {
+  // Use base class implementation for buffer sending
-    APIError err = try_send_tx_buf_();
+  return APIFrameHelper::loop();
-    if (err != APIError::OK && err != APIError::WOULD_BLOCK) {
-      return err;
-    }
-  }
-  return APIError::OK;  // Convert WOULD_BLOCK to OK to avoid connection termination
 }
 
 /** Read a packet into the rx_buf_. If successful, stores frame data in the frame parameter
@@ -339,17 +345,15 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
       return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
     }
 
+    if (rx_header_buf_[0] != 0x01) {
+      state_ = State::FAILED;
+      HELPER_LOG("Bad indicator byte %u", rx_header_buf_[0]);
+      return APIError::BAD_INDICATOR;
+    }
     // header reading done
   }
 
   // read body
-  uint8_t indicator = rx_header_buf_[0];
-  if (indicator != 0x01) {
-    state_ = State::FAILED;
-    HELPER_LOG("Bad indicator byte %u", indicator);
-    return APIError::BAD_INDICATOR;
-  }
-
   uint16_t msg_size = (((uint16_t) rx_header_buf_[1]) << 8) | rx_header_buf_[2];
 
   if (state_ != State::DATA && msg_size > 128) {
@@ -595,10 +599,6 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
     return APIError::BAD_DATA_PACKET;
   }
 
-  // uint16_t type;
-  // uint16_t data_len;
-  // uint8_t *data;
-  // uint8_t *padding;  zero or more bytes to fill up the rest of the packet
   uint16_t type = (((uint16_t) msg_data[0]) << 8) | msg_data[1];
   uint16_t data_len = (((uint16_t) msg_data[2]) << 8) | msg_data[3];
   if (data_len > msg_size - 4) {
@@ -831,18 +831,12 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::init() {
   state_ = State::DATA;
   return APIError::OK;
 }
-/// Not used for plaintext
 APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::loop() {
   if (state_ != State::DATA) {
     return APIError::BAD_STATE;
   }
-  if (!this->tx_buf_.empty()) {
+  // Use base class implementation for buffer sending
-    APIError err = try_send_tx_buf_();
+  return APIFrameHelper::loop();
-    if (err != APIError::OK && err != APIError::WOULD_BLOCK) {
-      return err;
-    }
-  }
-  return APIError::OK;  // Convert WOULD_BLOCK to OK to avoid connection termination
 }
 
 /** Read a packet into the rx_buf_. If successful, stores frame data in the frame parameter

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper.h

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ struct PacketInfo {
       : message_type(type), offset(off), payload_size(size), padding(0) {}
 };
 
-enum class APIError : int {
+enum class APIError : uint16_t {
   OK = 0,
   WOULD_BLOCK = 1001,
   BAD_HANDSHAKE_PACKET_LEN = 1002,
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class APIFrameHelper {
   }
   virtual ~APIFrameHelper() = default;
   virtual APIError init() = 0;
-  virtual APIError loop() = 0;
+  virtual APIError loop();
   virtual APIError read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) = 0;
   bool can_write_without_blocking() { return state_ == State::DATA && tx_buf_.empty(); }
   std::string getpeername() { return socket_->getpeername(); }

esphome/components/api/api_server.cpp

@@ -47,6 +47,11 @@ void APIServer::setup() {
   }
 #endif
 
+  // Schedule reboot if no clients connect within timeout
+  if (this->reboot_timeout_ != 0) {
+    this->schedule_reboot_timeout_();
+  }
+
   this->socket_ = socket::socket_ip_loop_monitored(SOCK_STREAM, 0);  // monitored for incoming connections
   if (this->socket_ == nullptr) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Could not create socket");
@@ -106,8 +111,6 @@ void APIServer::setup() {
   }
 #endif
 
-  this->last_connected_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
-
 #ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
   if (esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera != nullptr && !esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->is_internal()) {
     esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->add_image_callback(
@@ -121,6 +124,16 @@ void APIServer::setup() {
 #endif
 }
 
+void APIServer::schedule_reboot_timeout_() {
+  this->status_set_warning();
+  this->set_timeout("api_reboot", this->reboot_timeout_, []() {
+    if (!global_api_server->is_connected()) {
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "No clients; rebooting");
+      App.reboot();
+    }
+  });
+}
+
 void APIServer::loop() {
   // Accept new clients only if the socket exists and has incoming connections
   if (this->socket_ && this->socket_->ready()) {
@@ -130,51 +143,61 @@ void APIServer::loop() {
       auto sock = this->socket_->accept_loop_monitored((struct sockaddr *) &source_addr, &addr_len);
       if (!sock)
         break;
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Accepted %s", sock->getpeername().c_str());
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Accept %s", sock->getpeername().c_str());
 
       auto *conn = new APIConnection(std::move(sock), this);
       this->clients_.emplace_back(conn);
       conn->start();
+
+      // Clear warning status and cancel reboot when first client connects
+      if (this->clients_.size() == 1 && this->reboot_timeout_ != 0) {
+        this->status_clear_warning();
+        this->cancel_timeout("api_reboot");
+      }
     }
   }
 
+  if (this->clients_.empty()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
   // Process clients and remove disconnected ones in a single pass
-  if (!this->clients_.empty()) {
+  // Check network connectivity once for all clients
-    size_t client_index = 0;
+  if (!network::is_connected()) {
-    while (client_index < this->clients_.size()) {
+    // Network is down - disconnect all clients
-      auto &client = this->clients_[client_index];
+    for (auto &client : this->clients_) {
-
+      client->on_fatal_error();
-      if (client->remove_) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "%s: Network down; disconnect", client->get_client_combined_info().c_str());
-        // Handle disconnection
-        this->client_disconnected_trigger_->trigger(client->client_info_, client->client_peername_);
-        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Removing connection to %s", client->client_info_.c_str());
-
-        // Swap with the last element and pop (avoids expensive vector shifts)
-        if (client_index < this->clients_.size() - 1) {
-          std::swap(this->clients_[client_index], this->clients_.back());
-        }
-        this->clients_.pop_back();
-        // Don't increment client_index since we need to process the swapped element
-      } else {
-        // Process active client
-        client->loop();
-        client_index++;  // Move to next client
-      }
     }
+    // Continue to process and clean up the clients below
   }
 
-  if (this->reboot_timeout_ != 0) {
+  size_t client_index = 0;
-    const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
+  while (client_index < this->clients_.size()) {
-    if (!this->is_connected()) {
+    auto &client = this->clients_[client_index];
-      if (now - this->last_connected_ > this->reboot_timeout_) {
+
-        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "No client connected; rebooting");
+    if (!client->remove_) {
-        App.reboot();
+      // Common case: process active client
-      }
+      client->loop();
-      this->status_set_warning();
+      client_index++;
-    } else {
+      continue;
-      this->last_connected_ = now;
-      this->status_clear_warning();
     }
+
+    // Rare case: handle disconnection
+    this->client_disconnected_trigger_->trigger(client->client_info_, client->client_peername_);
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Remove connection %s", client->client_info_.c_str());
+
+    // Swap with the last element and pop (avoids expensive vector shifts)
+    if (client_index < this->clients_.size() - 1) {
+      std::swap(this->clients_[client_index], this->clients_.back());
+    }
+    this->clients_.pop_back();
+
+    // Schedule reboot when last client disconnects
+    if (this->clients_.empty() && this->reboot_timeout_ != 0) {
+      this->schedule_reboot_timeout_();
+    }
+    // Don't increment client_index since we need to process the swapped element
   }
 }
 
@@ -503,8 +526,8 @@ void APIServer::on_shutdown() {
   for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
     if (!c->send_message(DisconnectRequest())) {
       // If we can't send the disconnect request directly (tx_buffer full),
-      // schedule it in the batch so it will be sent with the 5ms timer
+      // schedule it at the front of the batch so it will be sent with priority
-      c->schedule_message_(nullptr, &APIConnection::try_send_disconnect_request, DisconnectRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE);
+      c->schedule_message_front_(nullptr, &APIConnection::try_send_disconnect_request, DisconnectRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE);
     }
   }
 }

esphome/components/api/api_server.h

@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   }
 
  protected:
+  void schedule_reboot_timeout_();
   // Pointers and pointer-like types first (4 bytes each)
   std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_ = nullptr;
   Trigger<std::string, std::string> *client_connected_trigger_ = new Trigger<std::string, std::string>();
@@ -150,7 +151,6 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   // 4-byte aligned types
   uint32_t reboot_timeout_{300000};
   uint32_t batch_delay_{100};
-  uint32_t last_connected_{0};
 
   // Vectors and strings (12 bytes each on 32-bit)
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<APIConnection>> clients_;

esphome/components/binary_sensor/__init__.py

@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ BinarySensorCondition = binary_sensor_ns.class_("BinarySensorCondition", Conditi
 
 # Filters
 Filter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("Filter")
+TimeoutFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("TimeoutFilter", Filter, cg.Component)
 DelayedOnOffFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("DelayedOnOffFilter", Filter, cg.Component)
 DelayedOnFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("DelayedOnFilter", Filter, cg.Component)
 DelayedOffFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("DelayedOffFilter", Filter, cg.Component)
@@ -171,6 +172,19 @@ async def invert_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
     return cg.new_Pvariable(filter_id)
 
 
+@register_filter(
+    "timeout",
+    TimeoutFilter,
+    cv.templatable(cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds),
+)
+async def timeout_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(filter_id)
+    await cg.register_component(var, {})
+    template_ = await cg.templatable(config, [], cg.uint32)
+    cg.add(var.set_timeout_value(template_))
+    return var
+
+
 @register_filter(
     "delayed_on_off",
     DelayedOnOffFilter,

esphome/components/binary_sensor/filter.cpp

@@ -25,6 +25,12 @@ void Filter::input(bool value) {
   }
 }
 
+void TimeoutFilter::input(bool value) {
+  this->set_timeout("timeout", this->timeout_delay_.value(), [this]() { this->parent_->invalidate_state(); });
+  // we do not de-dup here otherwise changes from invalid to valid state will not be output
+  this->output(value);
+}
+
 optional<bool> DelayedOnOffFilter::new_value(bool value) {
   if (value) {
     this->set_timeout("ON_OFF", this->on_delay_.value(), [this]() { this->output(true); });

esphome/components/binary_sensor/filter.h

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class Filter {
  public:
   virtual optional<bool> new_value(bool value) = 0;
 
-  void input(bool value);
+  virtual void input(bool value);
 
   void output(bool value);
 
@@ -28,6 +28,16 @@ class Filter {
   Deduplicator<bool> dedup_;
 };
 
+class TimeoutFilter : public Filter, public Component {
+ public:
+  optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override { return value; }
+  void input(bool value) override;
+  template<typename T> void set_timeout_value(T timeout) { this->timeout_delay_ = timeout; }
+
+ protected:
+  TemplatableValue<uint32_t> timeout_delay_{};
+};
+
 class DelayedOnOffFilter : public Filter, public Component {
  public:
   optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "ble_event_pool.h"
 
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 #include <esp_bt.h>
@@ -516,13 +517,12 @@ void ESP32BLE::dump_config() {
         break;
     }
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
-                  "ESP32 BLE:\n"
+                  "BLE:\n"
-                  "  MAC address: %02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X\n"
+                  "  MAC address: %s\n"
                   "  IO Capability: %s",
-                  mac_address[0], mac_address[1], mac_address[2], mac_address[3], mac_address[4], mac_address[5],
+                  format_mac_address_pretty(mac_address).c_str(), io_capability_s);
-                  io_capability_s);
   } else {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "ESP32 BLE: bluetooth stack is not enabled");
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Bluetooth stack is not enabled");
   }
 }
 

esphome/components/esp32_hall/sensor.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.invalid(
+    "The esp32_hall component has been removed as of ESPHome 2025.7.0. See https://github.com/esphome/esphome/pull/9117 for details."
+)

esphome/components/gpio/binary_sensor/__init__.py

@@ -10,11 +10,24 @@ GPIOBinarySensor = gpio_ns.class_(
     "GPIOBinarySensor", binary_sensor.BinarySensor, cg.Component
 )
 
+CONF_USE_INTERRUPT = "use_interrupt"
+CONF_INTERRUPT_TYPE = "interrupt_type"
+
+INTERRUPT_TYPES = {
+    "RISING": gpio_ns.INTERRUPT_RISING_EDGE,
+    "FALLING": gpio_ns.INTERRUPT_FALLING_EDGE,
+    "ANY": gpio_ns.INTERRUPT_ANY_EDGE,
+}
+
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
     binary_sensor.binary_sensor_schema(GPIOBinarySensor)
     .extend(
         {
             cv.Required(CONF_PIN): pins.gpio_input_pin_schema,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_USE_INTERRUPT, default=True): cv.boolean,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_INTERRUPT_TYPE, default="ANY"): cv.enum(
+                INTERRUPT_TYPES, upper=True
+            ),
         }
     )
     .extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
@@ -27,3 +40,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
 
     pin = await cg.gpio_pin_expression(config[CONF_PIN])
     cg.add(var.set_pin(pin))
+
+    cg.add(var.set_use_interrupt(config[CONF_USE_INTERRUPT]))
+    if config[CONF_USE_INTERRUPT]:
+        cg.add(var.set_interrupt_type(INTERRUPT_TYPES[config[CONF_INTERRUPT_TYPE]]))

esphome/components/gpio/binary_sensor/gpio_binary_sensor.cpp

@@ -6,17 +6,91 @@ namespace gpio {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "gpio.binary_sensor";
 
+void IRAM_ATTR GPIOBinarySensorStore::gpio_intr(GPIOBinarySensorStore *arg) {
+  bool new_state = arg->isr_pin_.digital_read();
+  if (new_state != arg->last_state_) {
+    arg->state_ = new_state;
+    arg->last_state_ = new_state;
+    arg->changed_ = true;
+    // Wake up the component from its disabled loop state
+    if (arg->component_ != nullptr) {
+      arg->component_->enable_loop_soon_any_context();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void GPIOBinarySensorStore::setup(InternalGPIOPin *pin, gpio::InterruptType type, Component *component) {
+  pin->setup();
+  this->isr_pin_ = pin->to_isr();
+  this->component_ = component;
+
+  // Read initial state
+  this->last_state_ = pin->digital_read();
+  this->state_ = this->last_state_;
+
+  // Attach interrupt - from this point on, any changes will be caught by the interrupt
+  pin->attach_interrupt(&GPIOBinarySensorStore::gpio_intr, this, type);
+}
+
 void GPIOBinarySensor::setup() {
-  this->pin_->setup();
+  if (this->use_interrupt_ && !this->pin_->is_internal()) {
-  this->publish_initial_state(this->pin_->digital_read());
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "GPIO is not internal, falling back to polling mode");
+    this->use_interrupt_ = false;
+  }
+
+  if (this->use_interrupt_) {
+    auto *internal_pin = static_cast<InternalGPIOPin *>(this->pin_);
+    this->store_.setup(internal_pin, this->interrupt_type_, this);
+    this->publish_initial_state(this->store_.get_state());
+  } else {
+    this->pin_->setup();
+    this->publish_initial_state(this->pin_->digital_read());
+  }
 }
 
 void GPIOBinarySensor::dump_config() {
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("", "GPIO Binary Sensor", this);
   LOG_PIN("  Pin: ", this->pin_);
+  const char *mode = this->use_interrupt_ ? "interrupt" : "polling";
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Mode: %s", mode);
+  if (this->use_interrupt_) {
+    const char *interrupt_type;
+    switch (this->interrupt_type_) {
+      case gpio::INTERRUPT_RISING_EDGE:
+        interrupt_type = "RISING_EDGE";
+        break;
+      case gpio::INTERRUPT_FALLING_EDGE:
+        interrupt_type = "FALLING_EDGE";
+        break;
+      case gpio::INTERRUPT_ANY_EDGE:
+        interrupt_type = "ANY_EDGE";
+        break;
+      default:
+        interrupt_type = "UNKNOWN";
+        break;
+    }
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Interrupt Type: %s", interrupt_type);
+  }
 }
 
-void GPIOBinarySensor::loop() { this->publish_state(this->pin_->digital_read()); }
+void GPIOBinarySensor::loop() {
+  if (this->use_interrupt_) {
+    if (this->store_.is_changed()) {
+      // Clear the flag immediately to minimize the window where we might miss changes
+      this->store_.clear_changed();
+      // Read the state and publish it
+      // Note: If the ISR fires between clear_changed() and get_state(), that's fine -
+      // we'll process the new change on the next loop iteration
+      bool state = this->store_.get_state();
+      this->publish_state(state);
+    } else {
+      // No changes, disable the loop until the next interrupt
+      this->disable_loop();
+    }
+  } else {
+    this->publish_state(this->pin_->digital_read());
+  }
+}
 
 float GPIOBinarySensor::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 

esphome/components/gpio/binary_sensor/gpio_binary_sensor.h

@@ -2,14 +2,51 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace gpio {
 
+// Store class for ISR data (no vtables, ISR-safe)
+class GPIOBinarySensorStore {
+ public:
+  void setup(InternalGPIOPin *pin, gpio::InterruptType type, Component *component);
+
+  static void gpio_intr(GPIOBinarySensorStore *arg);
+
+  bool get_state() const {
+    // No lock needed: state_ is atomically updated by ISR
+    // Volatile ensures we read the latest value
+    return this->state_;
+  }
+
+  bool is_changed() const {
+    // Simple read of volatile bool - no clearing here
+    return this->changed_;
+  }
+
+  void clear_changed() {
+    // Separate method to clear the flag
+    this->changed_ = false;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  ISRInternalGPIOPin isr_pin_;
+  volatile bool state_{false};
+  volatile bool last_state_{false};
+  volatile bool changed_{false};
+  Component *component_{nullptr};  // Pointer to the component for enable_loop_soon_any_context()
+};
+
 class GPIOBinarySensor : public binary_sensor::BinarySensor, public Component {
  public:
+  // No destructor needed: ESPHome components are created at boot and live forever.
+  // Interrupts are only detached on reboot when memory is cleared anyway.
+
   void set_pin(GPIOPin *pin) { pin_ = pin; }
+  void set_use_interrupt(bool use_interrupt) { use_interrupt_ = use_interrupt; }
+  void set_interrupt_type(gpio::InterruptType type) { interrupt_type_ = type; }
   // ========== INTERNAL METHODS ==========
   // (In most use cases you won't need these)
   /// Setup pin
@@ -22,6 +59,9 @@ class GPIOBinarySensor : public binary_sensor::BinarySensor, public Component {
 
  protected:
   GPIOPin *pin_;
+  bool use_interrupt_{true};
+  gpio::InterruptType interrupt_type_{gpio::INTERRUPT_ANY_EDGE};
+  GPIOBinarySensorStore store_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace gpio

esphome/components/ld2410/ld2410.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
 #endif
 
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
+
 #define highbyte(val) (uint8_t)((val) >> 8)
 #define lowbyte(val) (uint8_t)((val) &0xff)
 
@@ -73,9 +75,9 @@ void LD2410Component::dump_config() {
 #endif
   this->read_all_info();
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
-                "  Throttle_ : %ums\n"
+                "  Throttle: %ums\n"
-                "  MAC Address : %s\n"
+                "  MAC address: %s\n"
-                "  Firmware Version : %s",
+                "  Firmware version: %s",
                 this->throttle_, const_cast<char *>(this->mac_.c_str()), const_cast<char *>(this->version_.c_str()));
 }
 
@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
   /*
     Reduce data update rate to prevent home assistant database size grow fast
   */
-  int32_t current_millis = millis();
+  int32_t current_millis = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (current_millis - last_periodic_millis_ < this->throttle_)
     return;
   last_periodic_millis_ = current_millis;
@@ -299,21 +301,6 @@ const char MAC_FMT[] = "%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X";
 const std::string UNKNOWN_MAC("unknown");
 const std::string NO_MAC("08:05:04:03:02:01");
 
-std::string format_mac(uint8_t *buffer) {
-  std::string::size_type mac_size = 256;
-  std::string mac;
-  do {
-    mac.resize(mac_size + 1);
-    mac_size = std::snprintf(&mac[0], mac.size(), MAC_FMT, buffer[10], buffer[11], buffer[12], buffer[13], buffer[14],
-                             buffer[15]);
-  } while (mac_size + 1 > mac.size());
-  mac.resize(mac_size);
-  if (mac == NO_MAC) {
-    return UNKNOWN_MAC;
-  }
-  return mac;
-}
-
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
 std::function<void(void)> set_number_value(number::Number *n, float value) {
   float normalized_value = value * 1.0;
@@ -328,40 +315,40 @@ std::function<void(void)> set_number_value(number::Number *n, float value) {
 bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling ACK DATA for COMMAND %02X", buffer[COMMAND]);
   if (len < 10) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error with last command : incorrect length");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid length");
     return true;
   }
   if (buffer[0] != 0xFD || buffer[1] != 0xFC || buffer[2] != 0xFB || buffer[3] != 0xFA) {  // check 4 frame start bytes
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error with last command : incorrect Header");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid header");
     return true;
   }
   if (buffer[COMMAND_STATUS] != 0x01) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error with last command : status != 0x01");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid status");
     return true;
   }
   if (this->two_byte_to_int_(buffer[8], buffer[9]) != 0x00) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error with last command , last buffer was: %u , %u", buffer[8], buffer[9]);
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid command: %u, %u", buffer[8], buffer[9]);
     return true;
   }
 
   switch (buffer[COMMAND]) {
     case lowbyte(CMD_ENABLE_CONF):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handled Enable conf command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Enable conf");
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_DISABLE_CONF):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handled Disabled conf command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Disabled conf");
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handled baud rate change command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Baud rate change");
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
       if (this->baud_rate_select_ != nullptr) {
-        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Change baud rate component config to %s and reinstall", this->baud_rate_select_->state.c_str());
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Configure baud rate to %s and reinstall", this->baud_rate_select_->state.c_str());
       }
 #endif
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_VERSION):
       this->version_ = format_version(buffer);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "FW Version is: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->version_.c_str()));
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->version_.c_str()));
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
         this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(this->version_);
@@ -371,7 +358,7 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
     case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION): {
       std::string distance_resolution =
           DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_INT_TO_ENUM.at(this->two_byte_to_int_(buffer[10], buffer[11]));
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Distance resolution is: %s", const_cast<char *>(distance_resolution.c_str()));
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Distance resolution: %s", const_cast<char *>(distance_resolution.c_str()));
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
       if (this->distance_resolution_select_ != nullptr &&
           this->distance_resolution_select_->state != distance_resolution) {
@@ -383,9 +370,9 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
       this->light_function_ = LIGHT_FUNCTION_INT_TO_ENUM.at(buffer[10]);
       this->light_threshold_ = buffer[11] * 1.0;
       this->out_pin_level_ = OUT_PIN_LEVEL_INT_TO_ENUM.at(buffer[12]);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Light function is: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->light_function_.c_str()));
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Light function: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->light_function_.c_str()));
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Light threshold is: %f", this->light_threshold_);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Light threshold: %f", this->light_threshold_);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Out pin level is: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->out_pin_level_.c_str()));
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Out pin level: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->out_pin_level_.c_str()));
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
       if (this->light_function_select_ != nullptr && this->light_function_select_->state != this->light_function_) {
         this->light_function_select_->publish_state(this->light_function_);
@@ -406,11 +393,11 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
       if (len < 20) {
         return false;
       }
-      this->mac_ = format_mac(buffer);
+      this->mac_ = format_mac_address_pretty(&buffer[10]);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC Address is: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->mac_.c_str()));
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", this->mac_.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(this->mac_);
+        this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(this->mac_ == NO_MAC ? UNKNOWN_MAC : this->mac_);
       }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
@@ -420,19 +407,19 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
 #endif
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_GATE_SENS):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handled sensitivity command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sensitivity");
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_BLUETOOTH):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handled bluetooth command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Bluetooth");
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handled set distance resolution command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set distance resolution");
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handled set light control command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set light control");
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_BT_PASSWORD):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handled set bluetooth password command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set bluetooth password");
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY):  // Query parameters response
     {
@@ -532,7 +519,7 @@ void LD2410Component::set_baud_rate(const std::string &state) {
 
 void LD2410Component::set_bluetooth_password(const std::string &password) {
   if (password.length() != 6) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "set_bluetooth_password(): invalid password length, must be exactly 6 chars '%s'", password.c_str());
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Password must be exactly 6 chars");
     return;
   }
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
@@ -544,7 +531,7 @@ void LD2410Component::set_bluetooth_password(const std::string &password) {
 
 void LD2410Component::set_engineering_mode(bool enable) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  last_engineering_mode_change_millis_ = millis();
+  last_engineering_mode_change_millis_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_ENG : CMD_DISABLE_ENG;
   this->send_command_(cmd, nullptr, 0);
   this->set_config_mode_(false);

esphome/components/ld2420/ld2420.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "ld2420.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
 /*
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ There are three documented parameters for modes:
   00 04 = Energy output mode
     This mode outputs detailed signal energy values for each gate and the target distance.
     The data format consist of the following.
-    Header HH, Length LL, Persence PP, Distance DD, 16 Gate Energies EE, Footer FF
+    Header HH, Length LL, Presence PP, Distance DD, 16 Gate Energies EE, Footer FF
     HH HH HH HH LL LL PP DD DD EE EE .. 16x   .. FF FF FF FF
     F4 F3 F2 F1 23 00 00 00 00 00 00 .. .. .. .. F8 F7 F6 F5
   00 00 = debug output mode
@@ -67,10 +68,10 @@ float LD2420Component::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::BUS;
 void LD2420Component::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "LD2420:\n"
-                "  Firmware Version : %7s\n"
+                "  Firmware version: %7s",
-                "LD2420 Number:",
                 this->ld2420_firmware_ver_);
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Number:");
   LOG_NUMBER(TAG, "  Gate Timeout:", this->gate_timeout_number_);
   LOG_NUMBER(TAG, "  Gate Max Distance:", this->max_gate_distance_number_);
   LOG_NUMBER(TAG, "  Gate Min Distance:", this->min_gate_distance_number_);
@@ -86,10 +87,10 @@ void LD2420Component::dump_config() {
   LOG_BUTTON(TAG, "  Factory Reset:", this->factory_reset_button_);
   LOG_BUTTON(TAG, "  Restart Module:", this->restart_module_button_);
 #endif
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LD2420 Select:");
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Select:");
   LOG_SELECT(TAG, "  Operating Mode", this->operating_selector_);
-  if (this->get_firmware_int_(ld2420_firmware_ver_) < CALIBRATE_VERSION_MIN) {
+  if (LD2420Component::get_firmware_int(this->ld2420_firmware_ver_) < CALIBRATE_VERSION_MIN) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "LD2420 Firmware Version %s and older are only supported in Simple Mode", ld2420_firmware_ver_);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Firmware version %s and older supports Simple Mode only", this->ld2420_firmware_ver_);
   }
 }
 
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ uint8_t LD2420Component::calc_checksum(void *data, size_t size) {
   return checksum;
 }
 
-int LD2420Component::get_firmware_int_(const char *version_string) {
+int LD2420Component::get_firmware_int(const char *version_string) {
   std::string version_str = version_string;
   if (version_str[0] == 'v') {
     version_str = version_str.substr(1);
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ int LD2420Component::get_firmware_int_(const char *version_string) {
 void LD2420Component::setup() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Running setup");
   if (this->set_config_mode(true) == LD2420_ERROR_TIMEOUT) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "LD2420 module has failed to respond, check baud rate and serial connections.");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, ESP_LOG_MSG_COMM_FAIL);
     this->mark_failed();
     return;
   }
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ void LD2420Component::setup() {
   const char *pfw = this->ld2420_firmware_ver_;
   std::string fw_str(pfw);
 
-  for (auto &listener : listeners_) {
+  for (auto &listener : this->listeners_) {
     listener->on_fw_version(fw_str);
   }
 
@@ -137,11 +138,11 @@ void LD2420Component::setup() {
   }
 
   memcpy(&this->new_config, &this->current_config, sizeof(this->current_config));
-  if (get_firmware_int_(ld2420_firmware_ver_) < CALIBRATE_VERSION_MIN) {
+  if (LD2420Component::get_firmware_int(this->ld2420_firmware_ver_) < CALIBRATE_VERSION_MIN) {
     this->set_operating_mode(OP_SIMPLE_MODE_STRING);
     this->operating_selector_->publish_state(OP_SIMPLE_MODE_STRING);
     this->set_mode_(CMD_SYSTEM_MODE_SIMPLE);
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "LD2420 Frimware Version %s and older are only supported in Simple Mode", ld2420_firmware_ver_);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Firmware version %s and older supports Simple Mode only", this->ld2420_firmware_ver_);
   } else {
     this->set_mode_(CMD_SYSTEM_MODE_ENERGY);
     this->operating_selector_->publish_state(OP_NORMAL_MODE_STRING);
@@ -151,18 +152,17 @@ void LD2420Component::setup() {
 #endif
   this->set_system_mode(this->system_mode_);
   this->set_config_mode(false);
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LD2420 setup complete.");
 }
 
 void LD2420Component::apply_config_action() {
   const uint8_t checksum = calc_checksum(&this->new_config, sizeof(this->new_config));
   if (checksum == calc_checksum(&this->current_config, sizeof(this->current_config))) {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "No configuration change detected");
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "No configuration change detected");
     return;
   }
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Reconfiguring LD2420");
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Reconfiguring");
   if (this->set_config_mode(true) == LD2420_ERROR_TIMEOUT) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "LD2420 module has failed to respond, check baud rate and serial connections.");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, ESP_LOG_MSG_COMM_FAIL);
     this->mark_failed();
     return;
   }
@@ -178,13 +178,12 @@ void LD2420Component::apply_config_action() {
   this->set_system_mode(this->system_mode_);
   this->set_config_mode(false);  // Disable config mode to save new values in LD2420 nvm
   this->set_operating_mode(OP_NORMAL_MODE_STRING);
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LD2420 reconfig complete.");
 }
 
 void LD2420Component::factory_reset_action() {
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Setting factory defaults");
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Setting factory defaults");
   if (this->set_config_mode(true) == LD2420_ERROR_TIMEOUT) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "LD2420 module has failed to respond, check baud rate and serial connections.");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, ESP_LOG_MSG_COMM_FAIL);
     this->mark_failed();
     return;
   }
@@ -207,18 +206,16 @@ void LD2420Component::factory_reset_action() {
   this->init_gate_config_numbers();
   this->refresh_gate_config_numbers();
 #endif
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LD2420 factory reset complete.");
 }
 
 void LD2420Component::restart_module_action() {
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Restarting LD2420 module");
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Restarting");
   this->send_module_restart();
   this->set_timeout(250, [this]() {
     this->set_config_mode(true);
-    this->set_system_mode(system_mode_);
+    this->set_system_mode(this->system_mode_);
     this->set_config_mode(false);
   });
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LD2420 Restarted.");
 }
 
 void LD2420Component::revert_config_action() {
@@ -226,18 +223,18 @@ void LD2420Component::revert_config_action() {
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
   this->init_gate_config_numbers();
 #endif
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Reverted config number edits.");
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Reverted config number edits");
 }
 
 void LD2420Component::loop() {
   // If there is a active send command do not process it here, the send command call will handle it.
-  if (!get_cmd_active_()) {
+  if (!this->get_cmd_active_()) {
-    if (!available())
+    if (!this->available())
       return;
     static uint8_t buffer[2048];
     static uint8_t rx_data;
-    while (available()) {
+    while (this->available()) {
-      rx_data = read();
+      rx_data = this->read();
       this->readline_(rx_data, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
     }
   }
@@ -292,7 +289,7 @@ void LD2420Component::report_gate_data() {
 
 void LD2420Component::set_operating_mode(const std::string &state) {
   // If unsupported firmware ignore mode select
-  if (get_firmware_int_(ld2420_firmware_ver_) >= CALIBRATE_VERSION_MIN) {
+  if (LD2420Component::get_firmware_int(ld2420_firmware_ver_) >= CALIBRATE_VERSION_MIN) {
     this->current_operating_mode = OP_MODE_TO_UINT.at(state);
     // Entering Auto Calibrate we need to clear the privoiuos data collection
     this->operating_selector_->publish_state(state);
@@ -365,13 +362,13 @@ void LD2420Component::handle_energy_mode_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
   }
 
   // Resonable refresh rate for home assistant database size health
-  const int32_t current_millis = millis();
+  const int32_t current_millis = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (current_millis - this->last_periodic_millis < REFRESH_RATE_MS)
     return;
   this->last_periodic_millis = current_millis;
   for (auto &listener : this->listeners_) {
-    listener->on_distance(get_distance_());
+    listener->on_distance(this->get_distance_());
-    listener->on_presence(get_presence_());
+    listener->on_presence(this->get_presence_());
     listener->on_energy(this->gate_energy_, sizeof(this->gate_energy_) / sizeof(this->gate_energy_[0]));
   }
 
@@ -392,9 +389,9 @@ void LD2420Component::handle_simple_mode_(const uint8_t *inbuf, int len) {
   char outbuf[bufsize]{0};
   while (true) {
     if (inbuf[pos - 2] == 'O' && inbuf[pos - 1] == 'F' && inbuf[pos] == 'F') {
-      set_presence_(false);
+      this->set_presence_(false);
     } else if (inbuf[pos - 1] == 'O' && inbuf[pos] == 'N') {
-      set_presence_(true);
+      this->set_presence_(true);
     }
     if (inbuf[pos] >= '0' && inbuf[pos] <= '9') {
       if (index < bufsize - 1) {
@@ -411,18 +408,18 @@ void LD2420Component::handle_simple_mode_(const uint8_t *inbuf, int len) {
   }
   outbuf[index] = '\0';
   if (index > 1)
-    set_distance_(strtol(outbuf, &endptr, 10));
+    this->set_distance_(strtol(outbuf, &endptr, 10));
 
-  if (get_mode_() == CMD_SYSTEM_MODE_SIMPLE) {
+  if (this->get_mode_() == CMD_SYSTEM_MODE_SIMPLE) {
     // Resonable refresh rate for home assistant database size health
-    const int32_t current_millis = millis();
+    const int32_t current_millis = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
     if (current_millis - this->last_normal_periodic_millis < REFRESH_RATE_MS)
       return;
     this->last_normal_periodic_millis = current_millis;
     for (auto &listener : this->listeners_)
-      listener->on_distance(get_distance_());
+      listener->on_distance(this->get_distance_());
     for (auto &listener : this->listeners_)
-      listener->on_presence(get_presence_());
+      listener->on_presence(this->get_presence_());
   }
 }
 
@@ -433,10 +430,10 @@ void LD2420Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
   uint8_t data_element = 0;
   uint16_t data_pos = 0;
   if (this->cmd_reply_.length > CMD_MAX_BYTES) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "LD2420 reply - received command reply frame is corrupt, length exceeds %d bytes.", CMD_MAX_BYTES);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Reply frame too long");
     return;
   } else if (this->cmd_reply_.length < 2) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "LD2420 reply - received command frame is corrupt, length is less than 2 bytes.");
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Command frame too short");
     return;
   }
   memcpy(&this->cmd_reply_.error, &buffer[CMD_ERROR_WORD], sizeof(this->cmd_reply_.error));
@@ -447,13 +444,13 @@ void LD2420Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
   this->cmd_reply_.ack = true;
   switch ((uint16_t) this->cmd_reply_.command) {
     case (CMD_ENABLE_CONF):
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "LD2420 reply - set config enable: CMD = %2X %s", CMD_ENABLE_CONF, result);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set config enable: CMD = %2X %s", CMD_ENABLE_CONF, result);
       break;
     case (CMD_DISABLE_CONF):
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "LD2420 reply - set config disable: CMD = %2X %s", CMD_DISABLE_CONF, result);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set config disable: CMD = %2X %s", CMD_DISABLE_CONF, result);
       break;
     case (CMD_READ_REGISTER):
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "LD2420 reply - read register: CMD = %2X %s", CMD_READ_REGISTER, result);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Read register: CMD = %2X %s", CMD_READ_REGISTER, result);
       // TODO Read/Write register is not implemented yet, this will get flushed out to a proper header file
       data_pos = 0x0A;
       for (uint16_t index = 0; index < (CMD_REG_DATA_REPLY_SIZE *  // NOLINT
@@ -465,13 +462,13 @@ void LD2420Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
       }
       break;
     case (CMD_WRITE_REGISTER):
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "LD2420 reply - write register: CMD = %2X %s", CMD_WRITE_REGISTER, result);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Write register: CMD = %2X %s", CMD_WRITE_REGISTER, result);
       break;
     case (CMD_WRITE_ABD_PARAM):
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "LD2420 reply - write gate parameter(s): %2X %s", CMD_WRITE_ABD_PARAM, result);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Write gate parameter(s): %2X %s", CMD_WRITE_ABD_PARAM, result);
       break;
     case (CMD_READ_ABD_PARAM):
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "LD2420 reply - read gate parameter(s): %2X %s", CMD_READ_ABD_PARAM, result);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Read gate parameter(s): %2X %s", CMD_READ_ABD_PARAM, result);
       data_pos = CMD_ABD_DATA_REPLY_START;
       for (uint16_t index = 0; index < (CMD_ABD_DATA_REPLY_SIZE *  // NOLINT
                                         ((buffer[CMD_FRAME_DATA_LENGTH] - 4) / CMD_ABD_DATA_REPLY_SIZE));
@@ -483,11 +480,11 @@ void LD2420Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
       }
       break;
     case (CMD_WRITE_SYS_PARAM):
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "LD2420 reply - set system parameter(s): %2X %s", CMD_WRITE_SYS_PARAM, result);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set system parameter(s): %2X %s", CMD_WRITE_SYS_PARAM, result);
       break;
     case (CMD_READ_VERSION):
       memcpy(this->ld2420_firmware_ver_, &buffer[12], buffer[10]);
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "LD2420 reply - module firmware version: %7s %s", this->ld2420_firmware_ver_, result);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %7s %s", this->ld2420_firmware_ver_, result);
       break;
     default:
       break;
@@ -533,7 +530,7 @@ int LD2420Component::send_cmd_from_array(CmdFrameT frame) {
     }
 
     while (!this->cmd_reply_.ack) {
-      while (available()) {
+      while (this->available()) {
         this->readline_(read(), ack_buffer, sizeof(ack_buffer));
       }
       delay_microseconds_safe(1450);
@@ -548,7 +545,7 @@ int LD2420Component::send_cmd_from_array(CmdFrameT frame) {
     if (this->cmd_reply_.ack)
       retry = 0;
     if (this->cmd_reply_.error > 0)
-      handle_cmd_error(error);
+      this->handle_cmd_error(error);
   }
   return error;
 }
@@ -563,7 +560,7 @@ uint8_t LD2420Component::set_config_mode(bool enable) {
     cmd_frame.data_length += sizeof(CMD_PROTOCOL_VER);
   }
   cmd_frame.footer = CMD_FRAME_FOOTER;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending set config %s command: %2X", enable ? "enable" : "disable", cmd_frame.command);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending set config %s command: %2X", enable ? "enable" : "disable", cmd_frame.command);
   return this->send_cmd_from_array(cmd_frame);
 }
 
@@ -576,7 +573,7 @@ void LD2420Component::ld2420_restart() {
   cmd_frame.header = CMD_FRAME_HEADER;
   cmd_frame.command = CMD_RESTART;
   cmd_frame.footer = CMD_FRAME_FOOTER;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending restart command: %2X", cmd_frame.command);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending restart command: %2X", cmd_frame.command);
   this->send_cmd_from_array(cmd_frame);
 }
 
@@ -588,7 +585,7 @@ void LD2420Component::get_reg_value_(uint16_t reg) {
   cmd_frame.data[1] = reg;
   cmd_frame.data_length += 2;
   cmd_frame.footer = CMD_FRAME_FOOTER;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending read register %4X command: %2X", reg, cmd_frame.command);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending read register %4X command: %2X", reg, cmd_frame.command);
   this->send_cmd_from_array(cmd_frame);
 }
 
@@ -602,11 +599,11 @@ void LD2420Component::set_reg_value(uint16_t reg, uint16_t value) {
   memcpy(&cmd_frame.data[cmd_frame.data_length], &value, sizeof(CMD_REG_DATA_REPLY_SIZE));
   cmd_frame.data_length += 2;
   cmd_frame.footer = CMD_FRAME_FOOTER;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending write register %4X command: %2X data = %4X", reg, cmd_frame.command, value);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending write register %4X command: %2X data = %4X", reg, cmd_frame.command, value);
   this->send_cmd_from_array(cmd_frame);
 }
 
-void LD2420Component::handle_cmd_error(uint8_t error) { ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Command failed: %s", ERR_MESSAGE[error]); }
+void LD2420Component::handle_cmd_error(uint8_t error) { ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Command failed: %s", ERR_MESSAGE[error]); }
 
 int LD2420Component::get_gate_threshold_(uint8_t gate) {
   uint8_t error;
@@ -619,7 +616,7 @@ int LD2420Component::get_gate_threshold_(uint8_t gate) {
   memcpy(&cmd_frame.data[cmd_frame.data_length], &CMD_GATE_STILL_THRESH[gate], sizeof(CMD_GATE_STILL_THRESH[gate]));
   cmd_frame.data_length += 2;
   cmd_frame.footer = CMD_FRAME_FOOTER;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending read gate %d high/low theshold command: %2X", gate, cmd_frame.command);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending read gate %d high/low threshold command: %2X", gate, cmd_frame.command);
   error = this->send_cmd_from_array(cmd_frame);
   if (error == 0) {
     this->current_config.move_thresh[gate] = cmd_reply_.data[0];
@@ -644,7 +641,7 @@ int LD2420Component::get_min_max_distances_timeout_() {
          sizeof(CMD_TIMEOUT_REG));  // Register: global delay time
   cmd_frame.data_length += sizeof(CMD_TIMEOUT_REG);
   cmd_frame.footer = CMD_FRAME_FOOTER;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending read gate min max and timeout command: %2X", cmd_frame.command);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending read gate min max and timeout command: %2X", cmd_frame.command);
   error = this->send_cmd_from_array(cmd_frame);
   if (error == 0) {
     this->current_config.min_gate = (uint16_t) cmd_reply_.data[0];
@@ -667,9 +664,9 @@ void LD2420Component::set_system_mode(uint16_t mode) {
   memcpy(&cmd_frame.data[cmd_frame.data_length], &unknown_parm, sizeof(unknown_parm));
   cmd_frame.data_length += sizeof(unknown_parm);
   cmd_frame.footer = CMD_FRAME_FOOTER;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending write system mode command: %2X", cmd_frame.command);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending write system mode command: %2X", cmd_frame.command);
   if (this->send_cmd_from_array(cmd_frame) == 0)
-    set_mode_(mode);
+    this->set_mode_(mode);
 }
 
 void LD2420Component::get_firmware_version_() {
@@ -679,7 +676,7 @@ void LD2420Component::get_firmware_version_() {
   cmd_frame.command = CMD_READ_VERSION;
   cmd_frame.footer = CMD_FRAME_FOOTER;
 
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending read firmware version command: %2X", cmd_frame.command);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending read firmware version command: %2X", cmd_frame.command);
   this->send_cmd_from_array(cmd_frame);
 }
 
@@ -712,7 +709,7 @@ void LD2420Component::set_min_max_distances_timeout(uint32_t max_gate_distance,
   cmd_frame.data_length += sizeof(timeout);
   cmd_frame.footer = CMD_FRAME_FOOTER;
 
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending write gate min max and timeout command: %2X", cmd_frame.command);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending write gate min max and timeout command: %2X", cmd_frame.command);
   this->send_cmd_from_array(cmd_frame);
 }
 
@@ -738,7 +735,7 @@ void LD2420Component::set_gate_threshold(uint8_t gate) {
          sizeof(this->new_config.still_thresh[gate]));
   cmd_frame.data_length += sizeof(this->new_config.still_thresh[gate]);
   cmd_frame.footer = CMD_FRAME_FOOTER;
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending set gate %4X sensitivity command: %2X", gate, cmd_frame.command);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending set gate %4X sensitivity command: %2X", gate, cmd_frame.command);
   this->send_cmd_from_array(cmd_frame);
 }
 

esphome/components/ld2420/ld2420.h

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class LD2420Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   void set_operating_mode(const std::string &state);
   void auto_calibrate_sensitivity();
   void update_radar_data(uint16_t const *gate_energy, uint8_t sample_number);
-  uint8_t calc_checksum(void *data, size_t size);
+  static uint8_t calc_checksum(void *data, size_t size);
 
   RegConfigT current_config;
   RegConfigT new_config;
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class LD2420Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
     volatile bool ack;
   };
 
-  int get_firmware_int_(const char *version_string);
+  static int get_firmware_int(const char *version_string);
   void get_firmware_version_();
   int get_gate_threshold_(uint8_t gate);
   void get_reg_value_(uint16_t reg);

esphome/components/ld2450/ld2450.cpp

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
 #include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
 #endif
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
 #define highbyte(val) (uint8_t)((val) >> 8)
 #define lowbyte(val) (uint8_t)((val) &0xff)
@@ -96,11 +98,6 @@ static inline std::string get_direction(int16_t speed) {
   return STATIONARY;
 }
 
-static inline std::string format_mac(uint8_t *buffer) {
-  return str_snprintf("%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X", 17, buffer[10], buffer[11], buffer[12], buffer[13], buffer[14],
-                      buffer[15]);
-}
-
 static inline std::string format_version(uint8_t *buffer) {
   return str_sprintf("%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X", buffer[13], buffer[12], buffer[17], buffer[16], buffer[15],
                      buffer[14]);
@@ -120,7 +117,7 @@ void LD2450Component::setup() {
 }
 
 void LD2450Component::dump_config() {
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "HLK-LD2450 Human motion tracking radar module:");
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LD2450:");
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "TargetBinarySensor", this->target_binary_sensor_);
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetBinarySensor", this->moving_target_binary_sensor_);
@@ -189,9 +186,9 @@ void LD2450Component::dump_config() {
   LOG_NUMBER("  ", "PresenceTimeoutNumber", this->presence_timeout_number_);
 #endif
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
-                "  Throttle : %ums\n"
+                "  Throttle: %ums\n"
-                "  MAC Address : %s\n"
+                "  MAC Address: %s\n"
-                "  Firmware version : %s",
+                "  Firmware version: %s",
                 this->throttle_, const_cast<char *>(this->mac_.c_str()), const_cast<char *>(this->version_.c_str()));
 }
 
@@ -266,8 +263,7 @@ bool LD2450Component::get_timeout_status_(uint32_t check_millis) {
   if (this->timeout_ == 0) {
     this->timeout_ = ld2450::convert_seconds_to_ms(DEFAULT_PRESENCE_TIMEOUT);
   }
-  auto current_millis = millis();
+  return App.get_loop_component_start_time() - check_millis >= this->timeout_;
-  return current_millis - check_millis >= this->timeout_;
 }
 
 // Extract, store and publish zone details LD2450 buffer
@@ -354,25 +350,24 @@ void LD2450Component::send_command_(uint8_t command, const uint8_t *command_valu
 //   Header       Target 1                  Target 2                  Target 3                  End
 void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
   if (len < 29) {  // header (4 bytes) + 8 x 3 target data + footer (2 bytes)
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Periodic data: invalid message length");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid message length");
     return;
   }
   if (buffer[0] != 0xAA || buffer[1] != 0xFF || buffer[2] != 0x03 || buffer[3] != 0x00) {  // header
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Periodic data: invalid message header");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid message header");
     return;
   }
   if (buffer[len - 2] != 0x55 || buffer[len - 1] != 0xCC) {  // footer
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Periodic data: invalid message footer");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid message footer");
     return;
   }
 
-  auto current_millis = millis();
+  if (App.get_loop_component_start_time() - this->last_periodic_millis_ < this->throttle_) {
-  if (current_millis - this->last_periodic_millis_ < this->throttle_) {
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Throttling: %d", this->throttle_);
     return;
   }
 
-  this->last_periodic_millis_ = current_millis;
+  this->last_periodic_millis_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   int16_t target_count = 0;
   int16_t still_target_count = 0;
@@ -555,13 +550,13 @@ void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
   // For presence timeout check
   if (target_count > 0) {
-    this->presence_millis_ = millis();
+    this->presence_millis_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   }
   if (moving_target_count > 0) {
-    this->moving_presence_millis_ = millis();
+    this->moving_presence_millis_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   }
   if (still_target_count > 0) {
-    this->still_presence_millis_ = millis();
+    this->still_presence_millis_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   }
 #endif
 }
@@ -569,31 +564,31 @@ void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling ack data for command %02X", buffer[COMMAND]);
   if (len < 10) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Ack data: invalid length");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid ack length");
     return true;
   }
   if (buffer[0] != 0xFD || buffer[1] != 0xFC || buffer[2] != 0xFB || buffer[3] != 0xFA) {  // frame header
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Ack data: invalid header (command %02X)", buffer[COMMAND]);
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid ack header (command %02X)", buffer[COMMAND]);
     return true;
   }
   if (buffer[COMMAND_STATUS] != 0x01) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Ack data: invalid status");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid ack status");
     return true;
   }
   if (buffer[8] || buffer[9]) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Ack data: last buffer was %u, %u", buffer[8], buffer[9]);
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Last buffer was %u, %u", buffer[8], buffer[9]);
     return true;
   }
 
   switch (buffer[COMMAND]) {
     case lowbyte(CMD_ENABLE_CONF):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Got enable conf command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Enable conf command");
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_DISABLE_CONF):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Got disable conf command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Disable conf command");
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Got baud rate change command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Baud rate change command");
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
       if (this->baud_rate_select_ != nullptr) {
         ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Change baud rate to %s", this->baud_rate_select_->state.c_str());
@@ -613,7 +608,7 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
       if (len < 20) {
         return false;
       }
-      this->mac_ = ld2450::format_mac(buffer);
+      this->mac_ = format_mac_address_pretty(&buffer[10]);
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", this->mac_.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
@@ -622,15 +617,15 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->bluetooth_switch_ != nullptr) {
-        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->mac_ != NO_MAC);
+        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->mac_ != UNKNOWN_MAC);
       }
 #endif
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_BLUETOOTH):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Got Bluetooth command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Bluetooth command");
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_SINGLE_TARGET_MODE):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Got single target conf command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Single target conf command");
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->multi_target_switch_ != nullptr) {
         this->multi_target_switch_->publish_state(false);
@@ -638,7 +633,7 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 #endif
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_MULTI_TARGET_MODE):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Got multi target conf command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi target conf command");
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->multi_target_switch_ != nullptr) {
         this->multi_target_switch_->publish_state(true);
@@ -646,7 +641,7 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 #endif
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_TARGET_MODE):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Got query target tracking mode command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Query target tracking mode command");
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->multi_target_switch_ != nullptr) {
         this->multi_target_switch_->publish_state(buffer[10] == 0x02);
@@ -654,7 +649,7 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 #endif
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_ZONE):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Got query zone conf command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Query zone conf command");
       this->zone_type_ = std::stoi(std::to_string(buffer[10]), nullptr, 16);
       this->publish_zone_type();
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
@@ -674,7 +669,7 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
       this->process_zone_(buffer);
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_SET_ZONE):
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Got set zone conf command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set zone conf command");
       this->query_zone_info();
       break;
     default:

esphome/components/logger/logger.cpp

@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ void HOT Logger::log_vprintf_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const ch
   // For non-main tasks, queue the message for callbacks - but only if we have any callbacks registered
   message_sent =
       this->log_buffer_->send_message_thread_safe(level, tag, static_cast<uint16_t>(line), current_task, format, args);
+  if (message_sent) {
+    // Enable logger loop to process the buffered message
+    // This is safe to call from any context including ISRs
+    this->enable_loop_soon_any_context();
+  }
 #endif  // USE_ESPHOME_TASK_LOG_BUFFER
 
   // Emergency console logging for non-main tasks when ring buffer is full or disabled
@@ -139,6 +144,10 @@ Logger::Logger(uint32_t baud_rate, size_t tx_buffer_size) : baud_rate_(baud_rate
 #ifdef USE_ESPHOME_TASK_LOG_BUFFER
 void Logger::init_log_buffer(size_t total_buffer_size) {
   this->log_buffer_ = esphome::make_unique<logger::TaskLogBuffer>(total_buffer_size);
+
+  // Start with loop disabled when using task buffer (unless using USB CDC)
+  // The loop will be enabled automatically when messages arrive
+  this->disable_loop_when_buffer_empty_();
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -189,6 +198,10 @@ void Logger::loop() {
         this->write_msg_(this->tx_buffer_);
       }
     }
+  } else {
+    // No messages to process, disable loop if appropriate
+    // This reduces overhead when there's no async logging activity
+    this->disable_loop_when_buffer_empty_();
   }
 #endif
 }

esphome/components/logger/logger.h

@@ -358,6 +358,26 @@ class Logger : public Component {
     static const uint16_t RESET_COLOR_LEN = strlen(ESPHOME_LOG_RESET_COLOR);
     this->write_body_to_buffer_(ESPHOME_LOG_RESET_COLOR, RESET_COLOR_LEN, buffer, buffer_at, buffer_size);
   }
+
+#ifdef USE_ESP32
+  // Disable loop when task buffer is empty (with USB CDC check)
+  inline void disable_loop_when_buffer_empty_() {
+    // Thread safety note: This is safe even if another task calls enable_loop_soon_any_context()
+    // concurrently. If that happens between our check and disable_loop(), the enable request
+    // will be processed on the next main loop iteration since:
+    // - disable_loop() takes effect immediately
+    // - enable_loop_soon_any_context() sets a pending flag that's checked at loop start
+#if defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC) && defined(USE_ARDUINO)
+    // Only disable if not using USB CDC (which needs loop for connection detection)
+    if (this->uart_ != UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC) {
+      this->disable_loop();
+    }
+#else
+    // No USB CDC support, always safe to disable
+    this->disable_loop();
+#endif
+  }
+#endif
 };
 extern Logger *global_logger;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
 

esphome/components/lvgl/__init__.py

@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ LVGL_SCHEMA = cv.All(
                 ): lvalid.lv_color,
                 cv.Optional(df.CONF_THEME): cv.Schema(
                     {
-                        cv.Optional(name): obj_schema(w)
+                        cv.Optional(name): obj_schema(w).extend(FULL_STYLE_SCHEMA)
                         for name, w in WIDGET_TYPES.items()
                     }
                 ),

esphome/components/lvgl/schemas.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ from esphome.core.config import StartupTrigger
 from esphome.schema_extractors import SCHEMA_EXTRACT
 
 from . import defines as df, lv_validation as lvalid
-from .defines import CONF_TIME_FORMAT, LV_GRAD_DIR
+from .defines import CONF_TIME_FORMAT, LV_GRAD_DIR, TYPE_GRID
 from .helpers import add_lv_use, requires_component, validate_printf
 from .lv_validation import lv_color, lv_font, lv_gradient, lv_image, opacity
 from .lvcode import LvglComponent, lv_event_t_ptr
@@ -349,7 +349,60 @@ def obj_schema(widget_type: WidgetType):
     )
 
 
+def _validate_grid_layout(config):
+    layout = config[df.CONF_LAYOUT]
+    rows = len(layout[df.CONF_GRID_ROWS])
+    columns = len(layout[df.CONF_GRID_COLUMNS])
+    used_cells = [[None] * columns for _ in range(rows)]
+    for index, widget in enumerate(config[df.CONF_WIDGETS]):
+        _, w = next(iter(widget.items()))
+        if (df.CONF_GRID_CELL_COLUMN_POS in w) != (df.CONF_GRID_CELL_ROW_POS in w):
+            # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+            raise cv.Invalid(
+                "Both row and column positions must be specified, or both omitted",
+                [df.CONF_WIDGETS, index],
+            )
+        if df.CONF_GRID_CELL_ROW_POS in w:
+            row = w[df.CONF_GRID_CELL_ROW_POS]
+            column = w[df.CONF_GRID_CELL_COLUMN_POS]
+        else:
+            try:
+                row, column = next(
+                    (r_idx, c_idx)
+                    for r_idx, row in enumerate(used_cells)
+                    for c_idx, value in enumerate(row)
+                    if value is None
+                )
+            except StopIteration:
+                # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+                raise cv.Invalid(
+                    "No free cells available in grid layout", [df.CONF_WIDGETS, index]
+                )
+            w[df.CONF_GRID_CELL_ROW_POS] = row
+            w[df.CONF_GRID_CELL_COLUMN_POS] = column
+
+        for i in range(w[df.CONF_GRID_CELL_ROW_SPAN]):
+            for j in range(w[df.CONF_GRID_CELL_COLUMN_SPAN]):
+                if row + i >= rows or column + j >= columns:
+                    # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+                    raise cv.Invalid(
+                        f"Cell at {row}/{column} span {w[df.CONF_GRID_CELL_ROW_SPAN]}x{w[df.CONF_GRID_CELL_COLUMN_SPAN]} "
+                        f"exceeds grid size {rows}x{columns}",
+                        [df.CONF_WIDGETS, index],
+                    )
+                if used_cells[row + i][column + j] is not None:
+                    # pylint: disable=raise-missing-from
+                    raise cv.Invalid(
+                        f"Cell span {row + i}/{column + j} already occupied by widget at index {used_cells[row + i][column + j]}",
+                        [df.CONF_WIDGETS, index],
+                    )
+                used_cells[row + i][column + j] = index
+
+    return config
+
+
 LAYOUT_SCHEMAS = {}
+LAYOUT_VALIDATORS = {TYPE_GRID: _validate_grid_layout}
 
 ALIGN_TO_SCHEMA = {
     cv.Optional(df.CONF_ALIGN_TO): cv.Schema(
@@ -402,8 +455,8 @@ LAYOUT_SCHEMA = {
 }
 
 GRID_CELL_SCHEMA = {
-    cv.Required(df.CONF_GRID_CELL_ROW_POS): cv.positive_int,
+    cv.Optional(df.CONF_GRID_CELL_ROW_POS): cv.positive_int,
-    cv.Required(df.CONF_GRID_CELL_COLUMN_POS): cv.positive_int,
+    cv.Optional(df.CONF_GRID_CELL_COLUMN_POS): cv.positive_int,
     cv.Optional(df.CONF_GRID_CELL_ROW_SPAN, default=1): cv.positive_int,
     cv.Optional(df.CONF_GRID_CELL_COLUMN_SPAN, default=1): cv.positive_int,
     cv.Optional(df.CONF_GRID_CELL_X_ALIGN): grid_alignments,
@@ -474,7 +527,10 @@ def container_validator(schema, widget_type: WidgetType):
         result = result.extend(
             LAYOUT_SCHEMAS.get(ltype.lower(), LAYOUT_SCHEMAS[df.TYPE_NONE])
         )
-        return result(value)
+        value = result(value)
+        if layout_validator := LAYOUT_VALIDATORS.get(ltype):
+            value = layout_validator(value)
+        return value
 
     return validator
 

esphome/components/modbus/modbus.h

@@ -64,6 +64,14 @@ class ModbusDevice {
     this->parent_->send(this->address_, function, start_address, number_of_entities, payload_len, payload);
   }
   void send_raw(const std::vector<uint8_t> &payload) { this->parent_->send_raw(payload); }
+  void send_error(uint8_t function_code, uint8_t exception_code) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> error_response;
+    error_response.reserve(3);
+    error_response.push_back(this->address_);
+    error_response.push_back(function_code | 0x80);
+    error_response.push_back(exception_code);
+    this->send_raw(error_response);
+  }
   // If more than one device is connected block sending a new command before a response is received
   bool waiting_for_response() { return parent_->waiting_for_response != 0; }
 

esphome/components/modbus_controller/__init__.py

@@ -112,6 +112,22 @@ TYPE_REGISTER_MAP = {
     "FP32_R": 2,
 }
 
+CPP_TYPE_REGISTER_MAP = {
+    "RAW": cg.uint16,
+    "U_WORD": cg.uint16,
+    "S_WORD": cg.int16,
+    "U_DWORD": cg.uint32,
+    "U_DWORD_R": cg.uint32,
+    "S_DWORD": cg.int32,
+    "S_DWORD_R": cg.int32,
+    "U_QWORD": cg.uint64,
+    "U_QWORD_R": cg.uint64,
+    "S_QWORD": cg.int64,
+    "S_QWORD_R": cg.int64,
+    "FP32": cg.float_,
+    "FP32_R": cg.float_,
+}
+
 ModbusCommandSentTrigger = modbus_controller_ns.class_(
     "ModbusCommandSentTrigger", automation.Trigger.template(cg.int_, cg.int_)
 )
@@ -285,21 +301,24 @@ async def to_code(config):
     cg.add(var.set_offline_skip_updates(config[CONF_OFFLINE_SKIP_UPDATES]))
     if CONF_SERVER_REGISTERS in config:
         for server_register in config[CONF_SERVER_REGISTERS]:
+            server_register_var = cg.new_Pvariable(
+                server_register[CONF_ID],
+                server_register[CONF_ADDRESS],
+                server_register[CONF_VALUE_TYPE],
+                TYPE_REGISTER_MAP[server_register[CONF_VALUE_TYPE]],
+            )
+            cpp_type = CPP_TYPE_REGISTER_MAP[server_register[CONF_VALUE_TYPE]]
             cg.add(
-                var.add_server_register(
+                server_register_var.set_read_lambda(
-                    cg.new_Pvariable(
+                    cg.TemplateArguments(cpp_type),
-                        server_register[CONF_ID],
+                    await cg.process_lambda(
-                        server_register[CONF_ADDRESS],
+                        server_register[CONF_READ_LAMBDA],
-                        server_register[CONF_VALUE_TYPE],
+                        [(cg.uint16, "address")],
-                        TYPE_REGISTER_MAP[server_register[CONF_VALUE_TYPE]],
+                        return_type=cpp_type,
-                        await cg.process_lambda(
+                    ),
-                            server_register[CONF_READ_LAMBDA],
-                            [],
-                            return_type=cg.float_,
-                        ),
-                    )
                 )
             )
+            cg.add(var.add_server_register(server_register_var))
     await register_modbus_device(var, config)
     for conf in config.get(CONF_ON_COMMAND_SENT, []):
         trigger = cg.new_Pvariable(conf[CONF_TRIGGER_ID], var)

esphome/components/modbus_controller/modbus_controller.cpp

@@ -117,12 +117,17 @@ void ModbusController::on_modbus_read_registers(uint8_t function_code, uint16_t
     bool found = false;
     for (auto *server_register : this->server_registers_) {
       if (server_register->address == current_address) {
-        float value = server_register->read_lambda();
+        if (!server_register->read_lambda) {
+          break;
+        }
+        int64_t value = server_register->read_lambda();
+        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Matched register. Address: 0x%02X. Value type: %zu. Register count: %u. Value: %s.",
+                 server_register->address, static_cast<size_t>(server_register->value_type),
+                 server_register->register_count, server_register->format_value(value).c_str());
 
-        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Matched register. Address: 0x%02X. Value type: %zu. Register count: %u. Value: %0.1f.",
+        std::vector<uint16_t> payload;
-                 server_register->address, static_cast<uint8_t>(server_register->value_type),
+        payload.reserve(server_register->register_count * 2);
-                 server_register->register_count, value);
+        number_to_payload(payload, value, server_register->value_type);
-        std::vector<uint16_t> payload = float_to_payload(value, server_register->value_type);
         sixteen_bit_response.insert(sixteen_bit_response.end(), payload.cbegin(), payload.cend());
         current_address += server_register->register_count;
         found = true;
@@ -132,11 +137,7 @@ void ModbusController::on_modbus_read_registers(uint8_t function_code, uint16_t
 
     if (!found) {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Could not match any register to address %02X. Sending exception response.", current_address);
-      std::vector<uint8_t> error_response;
+      send_error(function_code, 0x02);
-      error_response.push_back(this->address_);
-      error_response.push_back(0x81);
-      error_response.push_back(0x02);
-      this->send_raw(error_response);
       return;
     }
   }

esphome/components/modbus_controller/modbus_controller.h

@@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ enum class SensorValueType : uint8_t {
   FP32_R = 0xD
 };
 
+inline bool value_type_is_float(SensorValueType v) {
+  return v == SensorValueType::FP32 || v == SensorValueType::FP32_R;
+}
+
 inline ModbusFunctionCode modbus_register_read_function(ModbusRegisterType reg_type) {
   switch (reg_type) {
     case ModbusRegisterType::COIL:
@@ -253,18 +257,53 @@ class SensorItem {
 };
 
 class ServerRegister {
+  using ReadLambda = std::function<int64_t()>;
+
  public:
-  ServerRegister(uint16_t address, SensorValueType value_type, uint8_t register_count,
+  ServerRegister(uint16_t address, SensorValueType value_type, uint8_t register_count) {
-                 std::function<float()> read_lambda) {
     this->address = address;
     this->value_type = value_type;
     this->register_count = register_count;
-    this->read_lambda = std::move(read_lambda);
   }
+
+  template<typename T> void set_read_lambda(const std::function<T(uint16_t address)> &&user_read_lambda) {
+    this->read_lambda = [this, user_read_lambda]() -> int64_t {
+      T user_value = user_read_lambda(this->address);
+      if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, float>) {
+        return bit_cast<uint32_t>(user_value);
+      } else {
+        return static_cast<int64_t>(user_value);
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Formats a raw value into a string representation based on the value type for debugging
+  std::string format_value(int64_t value) const {
+    switch (this->value_type) {
+      case SensorValueType::U_WORD:
+      case SensorValueType::U_DWORD:
+      case SensorValueType::U_DWORD_R:
+      case SensorValueType::U_QWORD:
+      case SensorValueType::U_QWORD_R:
+        return std::to_string(static_cast<uint64_t>(value));
+      case SensorValueType::S_WORD:
+      case SensorValueType::S_DWORD:
+      case SensorValueType::S_DWORD_R:
+      case SensorValueType::S_QWORD:
+      case SensorValueType::S_QWORD_R:
+        return std::to_string(value);
+      case SensorValueType::FP32_R:
+      case SensorValueType::FP32:
+        return str_sprintf("%.1f", bit_cast<float>(static_cast<uint32_t>(value)));
+      default:
+        return std::to_string(value);
+    }
+  }
+
   uint16_t address{0};
   SensorValueType value_type{SensorValueType::RAW};
   uint8_t register_count{0};
-  std::function<float()> read_lambda;
+  ReadLambda read_lambda;
 };
 
 // ModbusController::create_register_ranges_ tries to optimize register range
@@ -444,7 +483,7 @@ class ModbusController : public PollingComponent, public modbus::ModbusDevice {
   void on_modbus_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) override;
   /// called when a modbus error response was received
   void on_modbus_error(uint8_t function_code, uint8_t exception_code) override;
-  /// called when a modbus request (function code 3 or 4) was parsed without errors
+  /// called when a modbus request (function code 0x03 or 0x04) was parsed without errors
   void on_modbus_read_registers(uint8_t function_code, uint16_t start_address, uint16_t number_of_registers) final;
   /// default delegate called by process_modbus_data when a response has retrieved from the incoming queue
   void on_register_data(ModbusRegisterType register_type, uint16_t start_address, const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
@@ -529,7 +568,7 @@ inline float payload_to_float(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data, const SensorItem
   int64_t number = payload_to_number(data, item.sensor_value_type, item.offset, item.bitmask);
 
   float float_value;
-  if (item.sensor_value_type == SensorValueType::FP32 || item.sensor_value_type == SensorValueType::FP32_R) {
+  if (value_type_is_float(item.sensor_value_type)) {
     float_value = bit_cast<float>(static_cast<uint32_t>(number));
   } else {
     float_value = static_cast<float>(number);
@@ -541,7 +580,7 @@ inline float payload_to_float(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data, const SensorItem
 inline std::vector<uint16_t> float_to_payload(float value, SensorValueType value_type) {
   int64_t val;
 
-  if (value_type == SensorValueType::FP32 || value_type == SensorValueType::FP32_R) {
+  if (value_type_is_float(value_type)) {
     val = bit_cast<uint32_t>(value);
   } else {
     val = llroundf(value);

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_backend.h

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ enum class MQTTClientDisconnectReason : int8_t {
   MQTT_MALFORMED_CREDENTIALS = 4,
   MQTT_NOT_AUTHORIZED = 5,
   ESP8266_NOT_ENOUGH_SPACE = 6,
-  TLS_BAD_FINGERPRINT = 7
+  TLS_BAD_FINGERPRINT = 7,
+  DNS_RESOLVE_ERROR = 8
 };
 
 /// internal struct for MQTT messages.

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.cpp

@@ -229,6 +229,8 @@ void MQTTClientComponent::check_dnslookup_() {
   if (this->dns_resolve_error_) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Couldn't resolve IP address for '%s'", this->credentials_.address.c_str());
     this->state_ = MQTT_CLIENT_DISCONNECTED;
+    this->disconnect_reason_ = MQTTClientDisconnectReason::DNS_RESOLVE_ERROR;
+    this->on_disconnect_.call(MQTTClientDisconnectReason::DNS_RESOLVE_ERROR);
     return;
   }
 
@@ -698,7 +700,9 @@ void MQTTClientComponent::set_on_connect(mqtt_on_connect_callback_t &&callback)
 }
 
 void MQTTClientComponent::set_on_disconnect(mqtt_on_disconnect_callback_t &&callback) {
+  auto callback_copy = callback;
   this->mqtt_backend_.set_on_disconnect(std::forward<mqtt_on_disconnect_callback_t>(callback));
+  this->on_disconnect_.add(std::move(callback_copy));
 }
 
 #if ASYNC_TCP_SSL_ENABLED

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.h

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/network/ip_address.h"
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #if defined(USE_ESP32)
 #include "mqtt_backend_esp32.h"
@@ -334,6 +335,7 @@ class MQTTClientComponent : public Component {
   uint32_t connect_begin_;
   uint32_t last_connected_{0};
   optional<MQTTClientDisconnectReason> disconnect_reason_{};
+  CallbackManager<MQTTBackend::on_disconnect_callback_t> on_disconnect_;
 
   bool publish_nan_as_none_{false};
   bool wait_for_connection_{false};

esphome/components/runtime_stats/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""
+Runtime statistics component for ESPHome.
+"""
+
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+
+DEPENDENCIES = []
+
+CONF_ENABLED = "enabled"
+CONF_LOG_INTERVAL = "log_interval"
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.Optional(CONF_ENABLED, default=True): cv.boolean,
+        cv.Optional(
+            CONF_LOG_INTERVAL, default=60000
+        ): cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds,
+    }
+)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    """Generate code for the runtime statistics component."""
+    cg.add(cg.App.set_runtime_stats_enabled(config[CONF_ENABLED]))
+    cg.add(cg.App.set_runtime_stats_log_interval(config[CONF_LOG_INTERVAL]))

esphome/components/sensor/sensor.cpp

@@ -23,16 +23,22 @@ std::string state_class_to_string(StateClass state_class) {
 Sensor::Sensor() : state(NAN), raw_state(NAN) {}
 
 int8_t Sensor::get_accuracy_decimals() {
-  if (this->accuracy_decimals_.has_value())
+  if (this->sensor_flags_.has_accuracy_override)
-    return *this->accuracy_decimals_;
+    return this->accuracy_decimals_;
   return 0;
 }
-void Sensor::set_accuracy_decimals(int8_t accuracy_decimals) { this->accuracy_decimals_ = accuracy_decimals; }
+void Sensor::set_accuracy_decimals(int8_t accuracy_decimals) {
+  this->accuracy_decimals_ = accuracy_decimals;
+  this->sensor_flags_.has_accuracy_override = true;
+}
 
-void Sensor::set_state_class(StateClass state_class) { this->state_class_ = state_class; }
+void Sensor::set_state_class(StateClass state_class) {
+  this->state_class_ = state_class;
+  this->sensor_flags_.has_state_class_override = true;
+}
 StateClass Sensor::get_state_class() {
-  if (this->state_class_.has_value())
+  if (this->sensor_flags_.has_state_class_override)
-    return *this->state_class_;
+    return this->state_class_;
   return StateClass::STATE_CLASS_NONE;
 }
 

esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h

@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ class Sensor : public EntityBase, public EntityBase_DeviceClass, public EntityBa
    * state changes to the database when they are published, even if the state is the
    * same as before.
    */
-  bool get_force_update() const { return force_update_; }
+  bool get_force_update() const { return sensor_flags_.force_update; }
   /// Set force update mode.
-  void set_force_update(bool force_update) { force_update_ = force_update; }
+  void set_force_update(bool force_update) { sensor_flags_.force_update = force_update; }
 
   /// Add a filter to the filter chain. Will be appended to the back.
   void add_filter(Filter *filter);
@@ -155,9 +155,17 @@ class Sensor : public EntityBase, public EntityBase_DeviceClass, public EntityBa
 
   Filter *filter_list_{nullptr};  ///< Store all active filters.
 
-  optional<int8_t> accuracy_decimals_;                  ///< Accuracy in decimals override
+  // Group small members together to avoid padding
-  optional<StateClass> state_class_{STATE_CLASS_NONE};  ///< State class override
+  int8_t accuracy_decimals_{-1};              ///< Accuracy in decimals (-1 = not set)
-  bool force_update_{false};                            ///< Force update mode
+  StateClass state_class_{STATE_CLASS_NONE};  ///< State class (STATE_CLASS_NONE = not set)
+
+  // Bit-packed flags for sensor-specific settings
+  struct SensorFlags {
+    uint8_t has_accuracy_override : 1;
+    uint8_t has_state_class_override : 1;
+    uint8_t force_update : 1;
+    uint8_t reserved : 5;  // Reserved for future use
+  } sensor_flags_{};
 };
 
 }  // namespace sensor

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.cpp

@@ -741,11 +741,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::set_power_save_mode(WiFiPowerSaveMode power_save) { this->po
 
 void WiFiComponent::set_passive_scan(bool passive) { this->passive_scan_ = passive; }
 
-std::string WiFiComponent::format_mac_addr(const uint8_t *mac) {
-  char buf[20];
-  sprintf(buf, "%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X", mac[0], mac[1], mac[2], mac[3], mac[4], mac[5]);
-  return buf;
-}
 bool WiFiComponent::is_captive_portal_active_() {
 #ifdef USE_CAPTIVE_PORTAL
   return captive_portal::global_captive_portal != nullptr && captive_portal::global_captive_portal->is_active();

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.h

@@ -321,8 +321,6 @@ class WiFiComponent : public Component {
   int32_t get_wifi_channel();
 
  protected:
-  static std::string format_mac_addr(const uint8_t mac[6]);
-
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_AP
   void setup_ap_config_();
 #endif  // USE_WIFI_AP

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_esp32_arduino.cpp

@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback_(esphome_wifi_event_id_t event, esphome_
       memcpy(buf, it.ssid, it.ssid_len);
       buf[it.ssid_len] = '\0';
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Connected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " channel=%u, authmode=%s", buf,
-               format_mac_addr(it.bssid).c_str(), it.channel, get_auth_mode_str(it.authmode));
+               format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(), it.channel, get_auth_mode_str(it.authmode));
 #if USE_NETWORK_IPV6
       this->set_timeout(100, [] { WiFi.enableIPv6(); });
 #endif /* USE_NETWORK_IPV6 */
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback_(esphome_wifi_event_id_t event, esphome_
         ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' reason='Probe Request Unsuccessful'", buf);
       } else {
         ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " reason='%s'", buf,
-                 format_mac_addr(it.bssid).c_str(), get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason));
+                 format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(), get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason));
       }
 
       uint8_t reason = it.reason;
@@ -636,13 +636,13 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback_(esphome_wifi_event_id_t event, esphome_
     case ESPHOME_EVENT_ID_WIFI_AP_STACONNECTED: {
       auto it = info.wifi_sta_connected;
       auto &mac = it.bssid;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client connected MAC=%s", format_mac_addr(mac).c_str());
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client connected MAC=%s", format_mac_address_pretty(mac).c_str());
       break;
     }
     case ESPHOME_EVENT_ID_WIFI_AP_STADISCONNECTED: {
       auto it = info.wifi_sta_disconnected;
       auto &mac = it.bssid;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client disconnected MAC=%s", format_mac_addr(mac).c_str());
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client disconnected MAC=%s", format_mac_address_pretty(mac).c_str());
       break;
     }
     case ESPHOME_EVENT_ID_WIFI_AP_STAIPASSIGNED: {
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback_(esphome_wifi_event_id_t event, esphome_
     }
     case ESPHOME_EVENT_ID_WIFI_AP_PROBEREQRECVED: {
       auto it = info.wifi_ap_probereqrecved;
-      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "AP receive Probe Request MAC=%s RSSI=%d", format_mac_addr(it.mac).c_str(), it.rssi);
+      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "AP receive Probe Request MAC=%s RSSI=%d", format_mac_address_pretty(it.mac).c_str(), it.rssi);
       break;
     }
     default:

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_esp8266.cpp

@@ -496,7 +496,8 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback(System_Event_t *event) {
       char buf[33];
       memcpy(buf, it.ssid, it.ssid_len);
       buf[it.ssid_len] = '\0';
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Connected ssid='%s' bssid=%s channel=%u", buf, format_mac_addr(it.bssid).c_str(), it.channel);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Connected ssid='%s' bssid=%s channel=%u", buf, format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(),
+               it.channel);
       s_sta_connected = true;
       break;
     }
@@ -510,7 +511,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback(System_Event_t *event) {
         s_sta_connect_not_found = true;
       } else {
         ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " reason='%s'", buf,
-                 format_mac_addr(it.bssid).c_str(), LOG_STR_ARG(get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason)));
+                 format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(), LOG_STR_ARG(get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason)));
         s_sta_connect_error = true;
       }
       s_sta_connected = false;
@@ -545,17 +546,17 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback(System_Event_t *event) {
     }
     case EVENT_SOFTAPMODE_STACONNECTED: {
       auto it = event->event_info.sta_connected;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client connected MAC=%s aid=%u", format_mac_addr(it.mac).c_str(), it.aid);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client connected MAC=%s aid=%u", format_mac_address_pretty(it.mac).c_str(), it.aid);
       break;
     }
     case EVENT_SOFTAPMODE_STADISCONNECTED: {
       auto it = event->event_info.sta_disconnected;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client disconnected MAC=%s aid=%u", format_mac_addr(it.mac).c_str(), it.aid);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client disconnected MAC=%s aid=%u", format_mac_address_pretty(it.mac).c_str(), it.aid);
       break;
     }
     case EVENT_SOFTAPMODE_PROBEREQRECVED: {
       auto it = event->event_info.ap_probereqrecved;
-      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "AP receive Probe Request MAC=%s RSSI=%d", format_mac_addr(it.mac).c_str(), it.rssi);
+      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "AP receive Probe Request MAC=%s RSSI=%d", format_mac_address_pretty(it.mac).c_str(), it.rssi);
       break;
     }
 #if USE_ARDUINO_VERSION_CODE >= VERSION_CODE(2, 4, 0)
@@ -567,7 +568,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback(System_Event_t *event) {
     }
     case EVENT_SOFTAPMODE_DISTRIBUTE_STA_IP: {
       auto it = event->event_info.distribute_sta_ip;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP Distribute Station IP MAC=%s IP=%s aid=%u", format_mac_addr(it.mac).c_str(),
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP Distribute Station IP MAC=%s IP=%s aid=%u", format_mac_address_pretty(it.mac).c_str(),
                format_ip_addr(it.ip).c_str(), it.aid);
       break;
     }

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_process_event_(IDFWiFiEvent *data) {
     memcpy(buf, it.ssid, it.ssid_len);
     buf[it.ssid_len] = '\0';
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Connected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " channel=%u, authmode=%s", buf,
-             format_mac_addr(it.bssid).c_str(), it.channel, get_auth_mode_str(it.authmode));
+             format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(), it.channel, get_auth_mode_str(it.authmode));
     s_sta_connected = true;
 
   } else if (data->event_base == WIFI_EVENT && data->event_id == WIFI_EVENT_STA_DISCONNECTED) {
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_process_event_(IDFWiFiEvent *data) {
       return;
     } else {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " reason='%s'", buf,
-               format_mac_addr(it.bssid).c_str(), get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason));
+               format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(), get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason));
       s_sta_connect_error = true;
     }
     s_sta_connected = false;
@@ -780,15 +780,15 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_process_event_(IDFWiFiEvent *data) {
 
   } else if (data->event_base == WIFI_EVENT && data->event_id == WIFI_EVENT_AP_PROBEREQRECVED) {
     const auto &it = data->data.ap_probe_req_rx;
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "AP receive Probe Request MAC=%s RSSI=%d", format_mac_addr(it.mac).c_str(), it.rssi);
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "AP receive Probe Request MAC=%s RSSI=%d", format_mac_address_pretty(it.mac).c_str(), it.rssi);
 
   } else if (data->event_base == WIFI_EVENT && data->event_id == WIFI_EVENT_AP_STACONNECTED) {
     const auto &it = data->data.ap_staconnected;
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client connected MAC=%s", format_mac_addr(it.mac).c_str());
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client connected MAC=%s", format_mac_address_pretty(it.mac).c_str());
 
   } else if (data->event_base == WIFI_EVENT && data->event_id == WIFI_EVENT_AP_STADISCONNECTED) {
     const auto &it = data->data.ap_stadisconnected;
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client disconnected MAC=%s", format_mac_addr(it.mac).c_str());
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client disconnected MAC=%s", format_mac_address_pretty(it.mac).c_str());
 
   } else if (data->event_base == IP_EVENT && data->event_id == IP_EVENT_AP_STAIPASSIGNED) {
     const auto &it = data->data.ip_ap_staipassigned;

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_libretiny.cpp

@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback_(esphome_wifi_event_id_t event, esphome_
       memcpy(buf, it.ssid, it.ssid_len);
       buf[it.ssid_len] = '\0';
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Connected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " channel=%u, authmode=%s", buf,
-               format_mac_addr(it.bssid).c_str(), it.channel, get_auth_mode_str(it.authmode));
+               format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(), it.channel, get_auth_mode_str(it.authmode));
 
       break;
     }
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback_(esphome_wifi_event_id_t event, esphome_
         ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' reason='Probe Request Unsuccessful'", buf);
       } else {
         ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " reason='%s'", buf,
-                 format_mac_addr(it.bssid).c_str(), get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason));
+                 format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(), get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason));
       }
 
       uint8_t reason = it.reason;
@@ -349,13 +349,13 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback_(esphome_wifi_event_id_t event, esphome_
     case ESPHOME_EVENT_ID_WIFI_AP_STACONNECTED: {
       auto it = info.wifi_sta_connected;
       auto &mac = it.bssid;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client connected MAC=%s", format_mac_addr(mac).c_str());
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client connected MAC=%s", format_mac_address_pretty(mac).c_str());
       break;
     }
     case ESPHOME_EVENT_ID_WIFI_AP_STADISCONNECTED: {
       auto it = info.wifi_sta_disconnected;
       auto &mac = it.bssid;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client disconnected MAC=%s", format_mac_addr(mac).c_str());
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "AP client disconnected MAC=%s", format_mac_address_pretty(mac).c_str());
       break;
     }
     case ESPHOME_EVENT_ID_WIFI_AP_STAIPASSIGNED: {
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback_(esphome_wifi_event_id_t event, esphome_
     }
     case ESPHOME_EVENT_ID_WIFI_AP_PROBEREQRECVED: {
       auto it = info.wifi_ap_probereqrecved;
-      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "AP receive Probe Request MAC=%s RSSI=%d", format_mac_addr(it.mac).c_str(), it.rssi);
+      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "AP receive Probe Request MAC=%s RSSI=%d", format_mac_address_pretty(it.mac).c_str(), it.rssi);
       break;
     }
     default:

esphome/components/xiaomi_ble/xiaomi_ble.cpp

@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ bool decrypt_xiaomi_payload(std::vector<uint8_t> &raw, const uint8_t *bindkey, c
     memcpy(mac_address + 4, mac_reverse + 1, 1);
     memcpy(mac_address + 5, mac_reverse, 1);
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "decrypt_xiaomi_payload(): authenticated decryption failed.");
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "  MAC address : %s", format_hex_pretty(mac_address, 6).c_str());
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "  MAC address : %s", format_mac_address_pretty(mac_address).c_str());
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "       Packet : %s", format_hex_pretty(raw.data(), raw.size()).c_str());
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "          Key : %s", format_hex_pretty(vector.key, vector.keysize).c_str());
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "           Iv : %s", format_hex_pretty(vector.iv, vector.ivsize).c_str());

esphome/const.py

@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ UNIT_KILOMETER_PER_HOUR = "km/h"
 UNIT_KILOVOLT_AMPS = "kVA"
 UNIT_KILOVOLT_AMPS_HOURS = "kVAh"
 UNIT_KILOVOLT_AMPS_REACTIVE = "kVAR"
-UNIT_KILOVOLT_AMPS_REACTIVE_HOURS = "kVARh"
+UNIT_KILOVOLT_AMPS_REACTIVE_HOURS = "kvarh"
 UNIT_KILOWATT = "kW"
 UNIT_KILOWATT_HOURS = "kWh"
 UNIT_LITRE = "L"
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ UNIT_VOLT = "V"
 UNIT_VOLT_AMPS = "VA"
 UNIT_VOLT_AMPS_HOURS = "VAh"
 UNIT_VOLT_AMPS_REACTIVE = "var"
-UNIT_VOLT_AMPS_REACTIVE_HOURS = "VARh"
+UNIT_VOLT_AMPS_REACTIVE_HOURS = "varh"
 UNIT_WATT = "W"
 UNIT_WATT_HOURS = "Wh"
 

esphome/core/application.cpp

@@ -136,6 +136,10 @@ void Application::loop() {
   this->in_loop_ = false;
   this->app_state_ = new_app_state;
 
+  // Process any pending runtime stats printing after all components have run
+  // This ensures stats printing doesn't affect component timing measurements
+  runtime_stats.process_pending_stats(last_op_end_time);
+
   // Use the last component's end time instead of calling millis() again
   auto elapsed = last_op_end_time - this->last_loop_;
   if (elapsed >= this->loop_interval_ || HighFrequencyLoopRequester::is_high_frequency()) {

esphome/core/application.h

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <limits>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
@@ -7,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/preferences.h"
+#include "esphome/core/runtime_stats.h"
 #include "esphome/core/scheduler.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
@@ -337,9 +340,23 @@ class Application {
    *
    * @param loop_interval The interval in milliseconds to run the core loop at. Defaults to 16 milliseconds.
    */
-  void set_loop_interval(uint32_t loop_interval) { this->loop_interval_ = loop_interval; }
+  void set_loop_interval(uint32_t loop_interval) {
+    this->loop_interval_ = std::min(loop_interval, static_cast<uint32_t>(std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()));
+  }
 
-  uint32_t get_loop_interval() const { return this->loop_interval_; }
+  uint32_t get_loop_interval() const { return static_cast<uint32_t>(this->loop_interval_); }
+
+  /** Enable or disable runtime statistics collection.
+   *
+   * @param enable Whether to enable runtime statistics collection.
+   */
+  void set_runtime_stats_enabled(bool enable) { runtime_stats.set_enabled(enable); }
+
+  /** Set the interval at which runtime statistics are logged.
+   *
+   * @param interval The interval in milliseconds between logging of runtime statistics.
+   */
+  void set_runtime_stats_log_interval(uint32_t interval) { runtime_stats.set_log_interval(interval); }
 
   void schedule_dump_config() { this->dump_config_at_ = 0; }
 
@@ -618,6 +635,17 @@ class Application {
   /// Perform a delay while also monitoring socket file descriptors for readiness
   void yield_with_select_(uint32_t delay_ms);
 
+  // === Member variables ordered by size to minimize padding ===
+
+  // Pointer-sized members first
+  Component *current_component_{nullptr};
+  const char *comment_{nullptr};
+  const char *compilation_time_{nullptr};
+
+  // size_t members
+  size_t dump_config_at_{SIZE_MAX};
+
+  // Vectors (largest members)
   std::vector<Component *> components_{};
 
   // Partitioned vector design for looping components
@@ -637,11 +665,6 @@ class Application {
   //   and active_end_ is incremented
   // - This eliminates branch mispredictions from flag checking in the hot loop
   std::vector<Component *> looping_components_{};
-  uint16_t looping_components_active_end_{0};
-
-  // For safe reentrant modifications during iteration
-  uint16_t current_loop_index_{0};
-  bool in_loop_{false};
 
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
   std::vector<Device *> devices_{};
@@ -713,26 +736,39 @@ class Application {
   std::vector<update::UpdateEntity *> updates_{};
 #endif
 
+#ifdef USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT
+  std::vector<int> socket_fds_;  // Vector of all monitored socket file descriptors
+#endif
+
+  // String members
   std::string name_;
   std::string friendly_name_;
-  const char *comment_{nullptr};
+
-  const char *compilation_time_{nullptr};
+  // 4-byte members
-  bool name_add_mac_suffix_;
   uint32_t last_loop_{0};
-  uint32_t loop_interval_{16};
-  size_t dump_config_at_{SIZE_MAX};
-  uint8_t app_state_{0};
-  volatile bool has_pending_enable_loop_requests_{false};
-  Component *current_component_{nullptr};
   uint32_t loop_component_start_time_{0};
 
 #ifdef USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT
-  // Socket select management
+  int max_fd_{-1};  // Highest file descriptor number for select()
-  std::vector<int> socket_fds_;     // Vector of all monitored socket file descriptors
+#endif
+
+  // 2-byte members (grouped together for alignment)
+  uint16_t loop_interval_{16};  // Loop interval in ms (max 65535ms = 65.5 seconds)
+  uint16_t looping_components_active_end_{0};
+  uint16_t current_loop_index_{0};  // For safe reentrant modifications during iteration
+
+  // 1-byte members (grouped together to minimize padding)
+  uint8_t app_state_{0};
+  bool name_add_mac_suffix_;
+  bool in_loop_{false};
+  volatile bool has_pending_enable_loop_requests_{false};
+
+#ifdef USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT
   bool socket_fds_changed_{false};  // Flag to rebuild base_read_fds_ when socket_fds_ changes
-  int max_fd_{-1};                  // Highest file descriptor number for select()
+
-  fd_set base_read_fds_{};          // Cached fd_set rebuilt only when socket_fds_ changes
+  // Variable-sized members at end
-  fd_set read_fds_{};               // Working fd_set for select(), copied from base_read_fds_
+  fd_set base_read_fds_{};  // Cached fd_set rebuilt only when socket_fds_ changes
+  fd_set read_fds_{};       // Working fd_set for select(), copied from base_read_fds_
 #endif
 };
 

esphome/core/automation.h

@@ -27,20 +27,67 @@ template<typename T, typename... X> class TemplatableValue {
  public:
   TemplatableValue() : type_(NONE) {}
 
-  template<typename F, enable_if_t<!is_invocable<F, X...>::value, int> = 0>
+  template<typename F, enable_if_t<!is_invocable<F, X...>::value, int> = 0> TemplatableValue(F value) : type_(VALUE) {
-  TemplatableValue(F value) : type_(VALUE), value_(std::move(value)) {}
+    new (&this->value_) T(std::move(value));
+  }
 
-  template<typename F, enable_if_t<is_invocable<F, X...>::value, int> = 0>
+  template<typename F, enable_if_t<is_invocable<F, X...>::value, int> = 0> TemplatableValue(F f) : type_(LAMBDA) {
-  TemplatableValue(F f) : type_(LAMBDA), f_(f) {}
+    this->f_ = new std::function<T(X...)>(std::move(f));
+  }
+
+  // Copy constructor
+  TemplatableValue(const TemplatableValue &other) : type_(other.type_) {
+    if (type_ == VALUE) {
+      new (&this->value_) T(other.value_);
+    } else if (type_ == LAMBDA) {
+      this->f_ = new std::function<T(X...)>(*other.f_);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Move constructor
+  TemplatableValue(TemplatableValue &&other) noexcept : type_(other.type_) {
+    if (type_ == VALUE) {
+      new (&this->value_) T(std::move(other.value_));
+    } else if (type_ == LAMBDA) {
+      this->f_ = other.f_;
+      other.f_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    other.type_ = NONE;
+  }
+
+  // Assignment operators
+  TemplatableValue &operator=(const TemplatableValue &other) {
+    if (this != &other) {
+      this->~TemplatableValue();
+      new (this) TemplatableValue(other);
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  TemplatableValue &operator=(TemplatableValue &&other) noexcept {
+    if (this != &other) {
+      this->~TemplatableValue();
+      new (this) TemplatableValue(std::move(other));
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ~TemplatableValue() {
+    if (type_ == VALUE) {
+      this->value_.~T();
+    } else if (type_ == LAMBDA) {
+      delete this->f_;
+    }
+  }
 
   bool has_value() { return this->type_ != NONE; }
 
   T value(X... x) {
     if (this->type_ == LAMBDA) {
-      return this->f_(x...);
+      return (*this->f_)(x...);
     }
     // return value also when none
-    return this->value_;
+    return this->type_ == VALUE ? this->value_ : T{};
   }
 
   optional<T> optional_value(X... x) {
@@ -58,14 +105,16 @@ template<typename T, typename... X> class TemplatableValue {
   }
 
  protected:
-  enum {
+  enum : uint8_t {
     NONE,
     VALUE,
     LAMBDA,
   } type_;
 
-  T value_{};
+  union {
-  std::function<T(X...)> f_{};
+    T value_;
+    std::function<T(X...)> *f_;
+  };
 };
 
 /** Base class for all automation conditions.

esphome/core/component.cpp

@@ -303,6 +303,9 @@ uint32_t WarnIfComponentBlockingGuard::finish() {
   uint32_t curr_time = millis();
 
   uint32_t blocking_time = curr_time - this->started_;
+
+  // Record component runtime stats
+  runtime_stats.record_component_time(this->component_, blocking_time, curr_time);
   bool should_warn;
   if (this->component_ != nullptr) {
     should_warn = this->component_->should_warn_of_blocking(blocking_time);

esphome/core/component.h

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include "esphome/core/optional.h"
+#include "esphome/core/runtime_stats.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 

esphome/core/component_iterator.cpp

@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ void ComponentIterator::advance() {
   }
 
   if (advance_platform) {
-    this->state_ = static_cast<IteratorState>(static_cast<uint32_t>(this->state_) + 1);
+    this->state_ = static_cast<IteratorState>(static_cast<uint16_t>(this->state_) + 1);
     this->at_ = 0;
   } else if (success) {
     this->at_++;

esphome/core/component_iterator.h

@@ -93,7 +93,9 @@ class ComponentIterator {
   virtual bool on_end();
 
  protected:
-  enum class IteratorState {
+  // Iterates over all ESPHome entities (sensors, switches, lights, etc.)
+  // Supports up to 256 entity types and up to 65,535 entities of each type
+  enum class IteratorState : uint8_t {
     NONE = 0,
     BEGIN,
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
@@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ class ComponentIterator {
 #endif
     MAX,
   } state_{IteratorState::NONE};
-  size_t at_{0};
+  uint16_t at_{0};  // Supports up to 65,535 entities per type
   bool include_internal_{false};
 };
 

esphome/core/defines.h

@@ -132,6 +132,8 @@
 
 // ESP32-specific feature flags
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
+#define USE_ESPHOME_TASK_LOG_BUFFER
+
 #define USE_BLUETOOTH_PROXY
 #define USE_CAPTIVE_PORTAL
 #define USE_ESP32_BLE

esphome/core/helpers.cpp

@@ -356,6 +356,10 @@ size_t parse_hex(const char *str, size_t length, uint8_t *data, size_t count) {
   return chars;
 }
 
+std::string format_mac_address_pretty(const uint8_t *mac) {
+  return str_snprintf("%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X", 17, mac[0], mac[1], mac[2], mac[3], mac[4], mac[5]);
+}
+
 static char format_hex_char(uint8_t v) { return v >= 10 ? 'a' + (v - 10) : '0' + v; }
 std::string format_hex(const uint8_t *data, size_t length) {
   std::string ret;
@@ -732,7 +736,7 @@ std::string get_mac_address() {
 std::string get_mac_address_pretty() {
   uint8_t mac[6];
   get_mac_address_raw(mac);
-  return str_snprintf("%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X", 17, mac[0], mac[1], mac[2], mac[3], mac[4], mac[5]);
+  return format_mac_address_pretty(mac);
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32

esphome/core/helpers.h

@@ -402,6 +402,8 @@ template<typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned<T>::value, int> = 0> optional<
   return parse_hex<T>(str.c_str(), str.length());
 }
 
+/// Format the six-byte array \p mac into a MAC address.
+std::string format_mac_address_pretty(const uint8_t mac[6]);
 /// Format the byte array \p data of length \p len in lowercased hex.
 std::string format_hex(const uint8_t *data, size_t length);
 /// Format the vector \p data in lowercased hex.

esphome/core/runtime_stats.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#include "esphome/core/runtime_stats.h"
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace esphome {
+
+RuntimeStatsCollector runtime_stats;
+
+void RuntimeStatsCollector::record_component_time(Component *component, uint32_t duration_ms, uint32_t current_time) {
+  if (!this->enabled_ || component == nullptr)
+    return;
+
+  // Check if we have cached the name for this component
+  auto name_it = this->component_names_cache_.find(component);
+  if (name_it == this->component_names_cache_.end()) {
+    // First time seeing this component, cache its name
+    const char *source = component->get_component_source();
+    this->component_names_cache_[component] = source;
+    this->component_stats_[source].record_time(duration_ms);
+  } else {
+    // Use cached name - no string operations, just map lookup
+    this->component_stats_[name_it->second].record_time(duration_ms);
+  }
+
+  // If next_log_time_ is 0, initialize it
+  if (this->next_log_time_ == 0) {
+    this->next_log_time_ = current_time + this->log_interval_;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Don't print stats here anymore - let process_pending_stats handle it
+}
+
+void RuntimeStatsCollector::log_stats_() {
+  ESP_LOGI(RUNTIME_TAG, "Component Runtime Statistics");
+  ESP_LOGI(RUNTIME_TAG, "Period stats (last %" PRIu32 "ms):", this->log_interval_);
+
+  // First collect stats we want to display
+  std::vector<ComponentStatPair> stats_to_display;
+
+  for (const auto &it : this->component_stats_) {
+    const ComponentRuntimeStats &stats = it.second;
+    if (stats.get_period_count() > 0) {
+      ComponentStatPair pair = {it.first, &stats};
+      stats_to_display.push_back(pair);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Sort by period runtime (descending)
+  std::sort(stats_to_display.begin(), stats_to_display.end(), std::greater<ComponentStatPair>());
+
+  // Log top components by period runtime
+  for (const auto &it : stats_to_display) {
+    const std::string &source = it.name;
+    const ComponentRuntimeStats *stats = it.stats;
+
+    ESP_LOGI(RUNTIME_TAG, "  %s: count=%" PRIu32 ", avg=%.2fms, max=%" PRIu32 "ms, total=%" PRIu32 "ms", source.c_str(),
+             stats->get_period_count(), stats->get_period_avg_time_ms(), stats->get_period_max_time_ms(),
+             stats->get_period_time_ms());
+  }
+
+  // Log total stats since boot
+  ESP_LOGI(RUNTIME_TAG, "Total stats (since boot):");
+
+  // Re-sort by total runtime for all-time stats
+  std::sort(stats_to_display.begin(), stats_to_display.end(),
+            [](const ComponentStatPair &a, const ComponentStatPair &b) {
+              return a.stats->get_total_time_ms() > b.stats->get_total_time_ms();
+            });
+
+  for (const auto &it : stats_to_display) {
+    const std::string &source = it.name;
+    const ComponentRuntimeStats *stats = it.stats;
+
+    ESP_LOGI(RUNTIME_TAG, "  %s: count=%" PRIu32 ", avg=%.2fms, max=%" PRIu32 "ms, total=%" PRIu32 "ms", source.c_str(),
+             stats->get_total_count(), stats->get_total_avg_time_ms(), stats->get_total_max_time_ms(),
+             stats->get_total_time_ms());
+  }
+}
+
+void RuntimeStatsCollector::process_pending_stats(uint32_t current_time) {
+  if (!this->enabled_ || this->next_log_time_ == 0)
+    return;
+
+  if (current_time >= this->next_log_time_) {
+    this->log_stats_();
+    this->reset_stats_();
+    this->next_log_time_ = current_time + this->log_interval_;
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/core/runtime_stats.h

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+
+static const char *const RUNTIME_TAG = "runtime";
+
+class Component;  // Forward declaration
+
+class ComponentRuntimeStats {
+ public:
+  ComponentRuntimeStats()
+      : period_count_(0),
+        total_count_(0),
+        period_time_ms_(0),
+        total_time_ms_(0),
+        period_max_time_ms_(0),
+        total_max_time_ms_(0) {}
+
+  void record_time(uint32_t duration_ms) {
+    // Update period counters
+    this->period_count_++;
+    this->period_time_ms_ += duration_ms;
+    if (duration_ms > this->period_max_time_ms_)
+      this->period_max_time_ms_ = duration_ms;
+
+    // Update total counters
+    this->total_count_++;
+    this->total_time_ms_ += duration_ms;
+    if (duration_ms > this->total_max_time_ms_)
+      this->total_max_time_ms_ = duration_ms;
+  }
+
+  void reset_period_stats() {
+    this->period_count_ = 0;
+    this->period_time_ms_ = 0;
+    this->period_max_time_ms_ = 0;
+  }
+
+  // Period stats (reset each logging interval)
+  uint32_t get_period_count() const { return this->period_count_; }
+  uint32_t get_period_time_ms() const { return this->period_time_ms_; }
+  uint32_t get_period_max_time_ms() const { return this->period_max_time_ms_; }
+  float get_period_avg_time_ms() const {
+    return this->period_count_ > 0 ? this->period_time_ms_ / static_cast<float>(this->period_count_) : 0.0f;
+  }
+
+  // Total stats (persistent until reboot)
+  uint32_t get_total_count() const { return this->total_count_; }
+  uint32_t get_total_time_ms() const { return this->total_time_ms_; }
+  uint32_t get_total_max_time_ms() const { return this->total_max_time_ms_; }
+  float get_total_avg_time_ms() const {
+    return this->total_count_ > 0 ? this->total_time_ms_ / static_cast<float>(this->total_count_) : 0.0f;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  // Period stats (reset each logging interval)
+  uint32_t period_count_;
+  uint32_t period_time_ms_;
+  uint32_t period_max_time_ms_;
+
+  // Total stats (persistent until reboot)
+  uint32_t total_count_;
+  uint32_t total_time_ms_;
+  uint32_t total_max_time_ms_;
+};
+
+// For sorting components by run time
+struct ComponentStatPair {
+  std::string name;
+  const ComponentRuntimeStats *stats;
+
+  bool operator>(const ComponentStatPair &other) const {
+    // Sort by period time as that's what we're displaying in the logs
+    return stats->get_period_time_ms() > other.stats->get_period_time_ms();
+  }
+};
+
+class RuntimeStatsCollector {
+ public:
+  RuntimeStatsCollector() : log_interval_(60000), next_log_time_(0), enabled_(true) {}
+
+  void set_log_interval(uint32_t log_interval) { this->log_interval_ = log_interval; }
+  uint32_t get_log_interval() const { return this->log_interval_; }
+
+  void set_enabled(bool enabled) { this->enabled_ = enabled; }
+  bool is_enabled() const { return this->enabled_; }
+
+  void record_component_time(Component *component, uint32_t duration_ms, uint32_t current_time);
+
+  // Process any pending stats printing (should be called after component loop)
+  void process_pending_stats(uint32_t current_time);
+
+ protected:
+  void log_stats_();
+
+  void reset_stats_() {
+    for (auto &it : this->component_stats_) {
+      it.second.reset_period_stats();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Back to string keys, but we'll cache the source name per component
+  std::map<std::string, ComponentRuntimeStats> component_stats_;
+  std::map<Component *, std::string> component_names_cache_;
+  uint32_t log_interval_;
+  uint32_t next_log_time_;
+  bool enabled_;
+};
+
+// Global instance for runtime stats collection
+extern RuntimeStatsCollector runtime_stats;
+
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/components/binary_sensor/common.yaml

@@ -4,6 +4,31 @@ binary_sensor:
     id: some_binary_sensor
     name: "Random binary"
     lambda: return (random_uint32() & 1) == 0;
+    filters:
+      - invert:
+      - delayed_on: 100ms
+      - delayed_off: 100ms
+      # Templated, delays for 1s (1000ms) only if a reed switch is active
+      - delayed_on_off: !lambda "return 1000;"
+      - delayed_on_off:
+          time_on: 10s
+          time_off: !lambda "return 1000;"
+      - autorepeat:
+          - delay: 1s
+            time_off: 100ms
+            time_on: 900ms
+          - delay: 5s
+            time_off: 100ms
+            time_on: 400ms
+      - lambda: |-
+          if (id(some_binary_sensor).state) {
+            return x;
+          } else {
+            return {};
+          }
+      - settle: 100ms
+      - timeout: 10s
+
     on_state_change:
       then:
         - logger.log:

tests/components/lvgl/lvgl-package.yaml

@@ -839,9 +839,7 @@ lvgl:
                       styles: bdr_style
                       grid_cell_x_align: center
                       grid_cell_y_align: stretch
-                      grid_cell_row_pos: 0
+                      grid_cell_column_span: 2
-                      grid_cell_column_pos: 1
-                      grid_cell_column_span: 1
                       text: "Grid cell 0/1"
                   - label:
                       grid_cell_x_align: end

tests/integration/fixtures/api_reboot_timeout.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+esphome:
+  name: api-reboot-test
+host:
+api:
+  reboot_timeout: 0.5s  # Very short timeout for fast testing
+logger:
+  level: DEBUG

tests/integration/fixtures/host_mode_with_sensor.yaml

@@ -8,5 +8,8 @@ sensor:
     name: Test Sensor
     id: test_sensor
     unit_of_measurement: °C
+    accuracy_decimals: 2
+    state_class: measurement
+    force_update: true
     lambda: return 42.0;
     update_interval: 0.1s

tests/integration/test_api_reboot_timeout.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""Test API server reboot timeout functionality."""
+
+import asyncio
+import re
+
+import pytest
+
+from .types import RunCompiledFunction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_api_reboot_timeout(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+) -> None:
+    """Test that the device reboots when no API clients connect within the timeout."""
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    reboot_future = loop.create_future()
+    reboot_pattern = re.compile(r"No clients; rebooting")
+
+    def check_output(line: str) -> None:
+        """Check output for reboot message."""
+        if not reboot_future.done() and reboot_pattern.search(line):
+            reboot_future.set_result(True)
+
+    # Run the device without connecting any API client
+    async with run_compiled(yaml_config, line_callback=check_output):
+        # Wait for reboot with timeout
+        # (0.5s reboot timeout + some margin for processing)
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(reboot_future, timeout=2.0)
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail("Device did not reboot within expected timeout")
+
+    # Test passes if we get here - reboot was detected

tests/integration/test_host_mode_sensor.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
 
+import aioesphomeapi
 from aioesphomeapi import EntityState
 import pytest
 
@@ -47,3 +48,23 @@ async def test_host_mode_with_sensor(
         # Verify the sensor state
         assert test_sensor_state.state == 42.0
         assert len(states) > 0, "No states received"
+
+        # Verify the optimized fields are working correctly
+        # Get entity info to check accuracy_decimals, state_class, etc.
+        entities, _ = await client.list_entities_services()
+        sensor_info: aioesphomeapi.SensorInfo | None = None
+        for entity in entities:
+            if isinstance(entity, aioesphomeapi.SensorInfo):
+                sensor_info = entity
+                break
+
+        assert sensor_info is not None, "Sensor entity info not found"
+        assert sensor_info.accuracy_decimals == 2, (
+            f"Expected accuracy_decimals=2, got {sensor_info.accuracy_decimals}"
+        )
+        assert sensor_info.state_class == 1, (
+            f"Expected state_class=1 (measurement), got {sensor_info.state_class}"
+        )
+        assert sensor_info.force_update is True, (
+            f"Expected force_update=True, got {sensor_info.force_update}"
+        )