Optimize Application class memory layout and reduce loop_interval size

Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

.github/workflows/lock.yml

@@ -1,11 +1,28 @@
 ---
-name: Lock closed issues and PRs
+name: Lock
 
 on:
   schedule:
-    - cron: "30 0 * * *"  # Run daily at 00:30 UTC
+    - cron: "30 0 * * *"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
+permissions:
+  issues: write
+  pull-requests: write
+
+concurrency:
+  group: lock
+
 jobs:
   lock:
-    uses: esphome/workflows/.github/workflows/lock.yml@main
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@v5.0.1
+        with:
+          pr-inactive-days: "1"
+          pr-lock-reason: ""
+          exclude-any-pr-labels: keep-open
+
+          issue-inactive-days: "7"
+          issue-lock-reason: ""
+          exclude-any-issue-labels: keep-open

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -65,10 +65,6 @@ uint32_t APIConnection::get_batch_delay_ms_() const { return this->parent_->get_
 void APIConnection::start() {
   this->last_traffic_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
-  // Set next_ping_retry_ to prevent immediate ping
-  // This ensures the first ping happens after the keepalive period
-  this->next_ping_retry_ = this->last_traffic_ + KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS;
-
   APIError err = this->helper_->init();
   if (err != APIError::OK) {
     on_fatal_error();
@@ -163,20 +159,15 @@ void APIConnection::loop() {
       on_fatal_error();
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "%s is unresponsive; disconnecting", this->get_client_combined_info().c_str());
     }
-  } else if (now - this->last_traffic_ > KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS && now > this->next_ping_retry_) {
+  } else if (now - this->last_traffic_ > KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS) {
     ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Sending keepalive PING");
     this->sent_ping_ = this->send_message(PingRequest());
     if (!this->sent_ping_) {
-      this->next_ping_retry_ = now + PING_RETRY_INTERVAL;
-      this->ping_retries_++;
-      if (this->ping_retries_ >= MAX_PING_RETRIES) {
-        on_fatal_error();
-        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "%s: Ping failed %u times", this->get_client_combined_info().c_str(), this->ping_retries_);
-      } else if (this->ping_retries_ >= 10) {
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "%s: Ping retry %u", this->get_client_combined_info().c_str(), this->ping_retries_);
-      } else {
-        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "%s: Ping retry %u", this->get_client_combined_info().c_str(), this->ping_retries_);
-      }
+      // If we can't send the ping request directly (tx_buffer full),
+      // schedule it at the front of the batch so it will be sent with priority
+      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Failed to send ping directly, scheduling at front of batch");
+      this->schedule_message_front_(nullptr, &APIConnection::try_send_ping_request, PingRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE);
+      this->sent_ping_ = true;  // Mark as sent to avoid scheduling multiple pings
     }
   }
 
@@ -276,11 +267,6 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::encode_message_to_buffer(ProtoMessage &msg, uint16_t mes
   // Encode directly into buffer
   msg.encode(buffer);
 
-#ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
-  // Log the message for VV debugging
-  conn->log_send_message_(msg.message_name(), msg.dump());
-#endif
-
   // Calculate actual encoded size (not including header that was already added)
   size_t actual_payload_size = shared_buf.size() - size_before_encode;
 
@@ -1757,6 +1743,11 @@ void APIConnection::DeferredBatch::add_item(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator c
   items.emplace_back(entity, std::move(creator), message_type);
 }
 
+void APIConnection::DeferredBatch::add_item_front(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint16_t message_type) {
+  // Insert at front for high priority messages (no deduplication check)
+  items.insert(items.begin(), BatchItem(entity, std::move(creator), message_type));
+}
+
 bool APIConnection::schedule_batch_() {
   if (!this->deferred_batch_.batch_scheduled) {
     this->deferred_batch_.batch_scheduled = true;
@@ -1938,6 +1929,12 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_disconnect_request(EntityBase *entity, APIConne
   return encode_message_to_buffer(req, DisconnectRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 
+uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_ping_request(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
+                                              bool is_single) {
+  PingRequest req;
+  return encode_message_to_buffer(req, PingRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
+}
+
 uint16_t APIConnection::get_estimated_message_size(uint16_t message_type) {
   // Use generated ESTIMATED_SIZE constants from each message type
   switch (message_type) {

esphome/components/api/api_connection.h

@@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   void on_disconnect_response(const DisconnectResponse &value) override;
   void on_ping_response(const PingResponse &value) override {
     // we initiated ping
-    this->ping_retries_ = 0;
     this->sent_ping_ = false;
   }
   void on_home_assistant_state_response(const HomeAssistantStateResponse &msg) override;
@@ -441,13 +440,16 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   // Helper function to get estimated message size for buffer pre-allocation
   static uint16_t get_estimated_message_size(uint16_t message_type);
 
+  // Batch message method for ping requests
+  static uint16_t try_send_ping_request(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
+                                        bool is_single);
+
   // Pointers first (4 bytes each, naturally aligned)
   std::unique_ptr<APIFrameHelper> helper_;
   APIServer *parent_;
 
   // 4-byte aligned types
   uint32_t last_traffic_;
-  uint32_t next_ping_retry_{0};
   int state_subs_at_ = -1;
 
   // Strings (12 bytes each on 32-bit)
@@ -470,8 +472,7 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   bool sent_ping_{false};
   bool service_call_subscription_{false};
   bool next_close_ = false;
-  uint8_t ping_retries_{0};
-  // 8 bytes used, no padding needed
+  // 7 bytes used, 1 byte padding
 
   // Larger objects at the end
   InitialStateIterator initial_state_iterator_;
@@ -598,6 +599,8 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
 
     // Add item to the batch
     void add_item(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint16_t message_type);
+    // Add item to the front of the batch (for high priority messages like ping)
+    void add_item_front(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint16_t message_type);
     void clear() {
       items.clear();
       batch_scheduled = false;
@@ -637,6 +640,12 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   bool schedule_message_(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreatorPtr function_ptr, uint16_t message_type) {
     return schedule_message_(entity, MessageCreator(function_ptr), message_type);
   }
+
+  // Helper function to schedule a high priority message at the front of the batch
+  bool schedule_message_front_(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreatorPtr function_ptr, uint16_t message_type) {
+    this->deferred_batch_.add_item_front(entity, MessageCreator(function_ptr), message_type);
+    return this->schedule_batch_();
+  }
 };
 
 }  // namespace api

esphome/components/api/api_pb2_service.h

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class APIServerConnectionBase : public ProtoService {
 
   template<typename T> bool send_message(const T &msg) {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
-    this->log_send_message_(msg.message_name(), msg.dump());
+    this->log_send_message_(T::message_name(), msg.dump());
 #endif
     return this->send_message_(msg, T::MESSAGE_TYPE);
   }

esphome/components/api/api_server.cpp

@@ -526,8 +526,8 @@ void APIServer::on_shutdown() {
   for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
     if (!c->send_message(DisconnectRequest())) {
       // If we can't send the disconnect request directly (tx_buffer full),
-      // schedule it in the batch so it will be sent with the 5ms timer
-      c->schedule_message_(nullptr, &APIConnection::try_send_disconnect_request, DisconnectRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE);
+      // schedule it at the front of the batch so it will be sent with priority
+      c->schedule_message_front_(nullptr, &APIConnection::try_send_disconnect_request, DisconnectRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE);
     }
   }
 }

esphome/components/api/proto.h

@@ -335,7 +335,6 @@ class ProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   std::string dump() const;
   virtual void dump_to(std::string &out) const = 0;
-  virtual const char *message_name() const { return "unknown"; }
 #endif
 
  protected:

esphome/components/esp32/__init__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import logging
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from esphome import yaml_util
+from esphome import git
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_REFRESH,
     CONF_SOURCE,
     CONF_TYPE,
+    CONF_URL,
     CONF_VARIANT,
     CONF_VERSION,
     KEY_CORE,
@@ -31,13 +32,14 @@ from esphome.const import (
     KEY_TARGET_FRAMEWORK,
     KEY_TARGET_PLATFORM,
     PLATFORM_ESP32,
+    TYPE_GIT,
+    TYPE_LOCAL,
     __version__,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, HexInt, TimePeriod
 from esphome.cpp_generator import RawExpression
 import esphome.final_validate as fv
 from esphome.helpers import copy_file_if_changed, mkdir_p, write_file_if_changed
-from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
 from .boards import BOARDS
 from .const import (  # noqa
@@ -47,8 +49,10 @@ from .const import (  # noqa
     KEY_EXTRA_BUILD_FILES,
     KEY_PATH,
     KEY_REF,
+    KEY_REFRESH,
     KEY_REPO,
     KEY_SDKCONFIG_OPTIONS,
+    KEY_SUBMODULES,
     KEY_VARIANT,
     VARIANT_ESP32,
     VARIANT_ESP32C2,
@@ -231,7 +235,7 @@ def add_idf_sdkconfig_option(name: str, value: SdkconfigValueType):
 def add_idf_component(
     *,
     name: str,
-    repo: str = None,
+    repo: str,
     ref: str = None,
     path: str = None,
     refresh: TimePeriod = None,
@@ -241,27 +245,30 @@ def add_idf_component(
     """Add an esp-idf component to the project."""
     if not CORE.using_esp_idf:
         raise ValueError("Not an esp-idf project")
-    if not repo and not ref and not path:
-        raise ValueError("Requires at least one of repo, ref or path")
-    if refresh or submodules or components:
-        _LOGGER.warning(
-            "The refresh, components and submodules parameters in add_idf_component() are "
-            "deprecated and will be removed in ESPHome 2026.1. If you are seeing this, report "
-            "an issue to the external_component author and ask them to update it."
-        )
-    if components:
-        for comp in components:
-            CORE.data[KEY_ESP32][KEY_COMPONENTS][comp] = {
-                KEY_REPO: repo,
-                KEY_REF: ref,
-                KEY_PATH: f"{path}/{comp}" if path else comp,
-            }
-    else:
+    if components is None:
+        components = []
+    if name not in CORE.data[KEY_ESP32][KEY_COMPONENTS]:
         CORE.data[KEY_ESP32][KEY_COMPONENTS][name] = {
             KEY_REPO: repo,
             KEY_REF: ref,
             KEY_PATH: path,
+            KEY_REFRESH: refresh,
+            KEY_COMPONENTS: components,
+            KEY_SUBMODULES: submodules,
         }
+    else:
+        component_config = CORE.data[KEY_ESP32][KEY_COMPONENTS][name]
+        if components is not None:
+            component_config[KEY_COMPONENTS] = list(
+                set(component_config[KEY_COMPONENTS] + components)
+            )
+        if submodules is not None:
+            if component_config[KEY_SUBMODULES] is None:
+                component_config[KEY_SUBMODULES] = submodules
+            else:
+                component_config[KEY_SUBMODULES] = list(
+                    set(component_config[KEY_SUBMODULES] + submodules)
+                )
 
 
 def add_extra_script(stage: str, filename: str, path: str):
@@ -568,17 +575,6 @@ CONF_ENABLE_LWIP_DHCP_SERVER = "enable_lwip_dhcp_server"
 CONF_ENABLE_LWIP_MDNS_QUERIES = "enable_lwip_mdns_queries"
 CONF_ENABLE_LWIP_BRIDGE_INTERFACE = "enable_lwip_bridge_interface"
 
-
-def _validate_idf_component(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
-    """Validate IDF component config and warn about deprecated options."""
-    if CONF_REFRESH in config:
-        _LOGGER.warning(
-            "The 'refresh' option for IDF components is deprecated and has no effect. "
-            "It will be removed in ESPHome 2026.1. Please remove it from your configuration."
-        )
-    return config
-
-
 ESP_IDF_FRAMEWORK_SCHEMA = cv.All(
     cv.Schema(
         {
@@ -618,19 +614,15 @@ ESP_IDF_FRAMEWORK_SCHEMA = cv.All(
                 }
             ),
             cv.Optional(CONF_COMPONENTS, default=[]): cv.ensure_list(
-                cv.All(
-                    cv.Schema(
-                        {
-                            cv.Required(CONF_NAME): cv.string_strict,
-                            cv.Optional(CONF_SOURCE): cv.git_ref,
-                            cv.Optional(CONF_REF): cv.string,
-                            cv.Optional(CONF_PATH): cv.string,
-                            cv.Optional(CONF_REFRESH): cv.All(
-                                cv.string, cv.source_refresh
-                            ),
-                        }
-                    ),
-                    _validate_idf_component,
+                cv.Schema(
+                    {
+                        cv.Required(CONF_NAME): cv.string_strict,
+                        cv.Required(CONF_SOURCE): cv.SOURCE_SCHEMA,
+                        cv.Optional(CONF_PATH): cv.string,
+                        cv.Optional(CONF_REFRESH, default="1d"): cv.All(
+                            cv.string, cv.source_refresh
+                        ),
+                    }
                 )
             ),
         }
@@ -822,12 +814,18 @@ async def to_code(config):
             add_idf_sdkconfig_option(name, RawSdkconfigValue(value))
 
         for component in conf[CONF_COMPONENTS]:
-            add_idf_component(
-                name=component[CONF_NAME],
-                repo=component.get(CONF_SOURCE),
-                ref=component.get(CONF_REF),
-                path=component.get(CONF_PATH),
-            )
+            source = component[CONF_SOURCE]
+            if source[CONF_TYPE] == TYPE_GIT:
+                add_idf_component(
+                    name=component[CONF_NAME],
+                    repo=source[CONF_URL],
+                    ref=source.get(CONF_REF),
+                    path=component.get(CONF_PATH),
+                    refresh=component[CONF_REFRESH],
+                )
+            elif source[CONF_TYPE] == TYPE_LOCAL:
+                _LOGGER.warning("Local components are not implemented yet.")
+
     elif conf[CONF_TYPE] == FRAMEWORK_ARDUINO:
         cg.add_platformio_option("framework", "arduino")
         cg.add_build_flag("-DUSE_ARDUINO")
@@ -926,26 +924,6 @@ def _write_sdkconfig():
         write_file_if_changed(sdk_path, contents)
 
 
-def _write_idf_component_yml():
-    yml_path = Path(CORE.relative_build_path("src/idf_component.yml"))
-    if CORE.data[KEY_ESP32][KEY_COMPONENTS]:
-        components: dict = CORE.data[KEY_ESP32][KEY_COMPONENTS]
-        dependencies = {}
-        for name, component in components.items():
-            dependency = {}
-            if component[KEY_REF]:
-                dependency["version"] = component[KEY_REF]
-            if component[KEY_REPO]:
-                dependency["git"] = component[KEY_REPO]
-            if component[KEY_PATH]:
-                dependency["path"] = component[KEY_PATH]
-            dependencies[name] = dependency
-        contents = yaml_util.dump({"dependencies": dependencies})
-    else:
-        contents = ""
-    write_file_if_changed(yml_path, contents)
-
-
 # Called by writer.py
 def copy_files():
     if CORE.using_arduino:
@@ -958,7 +936,6 @@ def copy_files():
             )
     if CORE.using_esp_idf:
         _write_sdkconfig()
-        _write_idf_component_yml()
         if "partitions.csv" not in CORE.data[KEY_ESP32][KEY_EXTRA_BUILD_FILES]:
             write_file_if_changed(
                 CORE.relative_build_path("partitions.csv"),
@@ -975,6 +952,55 @@ def copy_files():
             __version__,
         )
 
+        import shutil
+
+        shutil.rmtree(CORE.relative_build_path("components"), ignore_errors=True)
+
+        if CORE.data[KEY_ESP32][KEY_COMPONENTS]:
+            components: dict = CORE.data[KEY_ESP32][KEY_COMPONENTS]
+
+            for name, component in components.items():
+                repo_dir, _ = git.clone_or_update(
+                    url=component[KEY_REPO],
+                    ref=component[KEY_REF],
+                    refresh=component[KEY_REFRESH],
+                    domain="idf_components",
+                    submodules=component[KEY_SUBMODULES],
+                )
+                mkdir_p(CORE.relative_build_path("components"))
+                component_dir = repo_dir
+                if component[KEY_PATH] is not None:
+                    component_dir = component_dir / component[KEY_PATH]
+
+                if component[KEY_COMPONENTS] == ["*"]:
+                    shutil.copytree(
+                        component_dir,
+                        CORE.relative_build_path("components"),
+                        dirs_exist_ok=True,
+                        ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns(".git*"),
+                        symlinks=True,
+                        ignore_dangling_symlinks=True,
+                    )
+                elif len(component[KEY_COMPONENTS]) > 0:
+                    for comp in component[KEY_COMPONENTS]:
+                        shutil.copytree(
+                            component_dir / comp,
+                            CORE.relative_build_path(f"components/{comp}"),
+                            dirs_exist_ok=True,
+                            ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns(".git*"),
+                            symlinks=True,
+                            ignore_dangling_symlinks=True,
+                        )
+                else:
+                    shutil.copytree(
+                        component_dir,
+                        CORE.relative_build_path(f"components/{name}"),
+                        dirs_exist_ok=True,
+                        ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns(".git*"),
+                        symlinks=True,
+                        ignore_dangling_symlinks=True,
+                    )
+
     for _, file in CORE.data[KEY_ESP32][KEY_EXTRA_BUILD_FILES].items():
         if file[KEY_PATH].startswith("http"):
             import requests

esphome/components/gpio/binary_sensor/__init__.py

@@ -10,11 +10,24 @@ GPIOBinarySensor = gpio_ns.class_(
     "GPIOBinarySensor", binary_sensor.BinarySensor, cg.Component
 )
 
+CONF_USE_INTERRUPT = "use_interrupt"
+CONF_INTERRUPT_TYPE = "interrupt_type"
+
+INTERRUPT_TYPES = {
+    "RISING": gpio_ns.INTERRUPT_RISING_EDGE,
+    "FALLING": gpio_ns.INTERRUPT_FALLING_EDGE,
+    "ANY": gpio_ns.INTERRUPT_ANY_EDGE,
+}
+
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
     binary_sensor.binary_sensor_schema(GPIOBinarySensor)
     .extend(
         {
             cv.Required(CONF_PIN): pins.gpio_input_pin_schema,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_USE_INTERRUPT, default=True): cv.boolean,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_INTERRUPT_TYPE, default="ANY"): cv.enum(
+                INTERRUPT_TYPES, upper=True
+            ),
         }
     )
     .extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
@@ -27,3 +40,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
 
     pin = await cg.gpio_pin_expression(config[CONF_PIN])
     cg.add(var.set_pin(pin))
+
+    cg.add(var.set_use_interrupt(config[CONF_USE_INTERRUPT]))
+    if config[CONF_USE_INTERRUPT]:
+        cg.add(var.set_interrupt_type(INTERRUPT_TYPES[config[CONF_INTERRUPT_TYPE]]))

esphome/components/gpio/binary_sensor/gpio_binary_sensor.cpp

@@ -6,17 +6,91 @@ namespace gpio {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "gpio.binary_sensor";
 
+void IRAM_ATTR GPIOBinarySensorStore::gpio_intr(GPIOBinarySensorStore *arg) {
+  bool new_state = arg->isr_pin_.digital_read();
+  if (new_state != arg->last_state_) {
+    arg->state_ = new_state;
+    arg->last_state_ = new_state;
+    arg->changed_ = true;
+    // Wake up the component from its disabled loop state
+    if (arg->component_ != nullptr) {
+      arg->component_->enable_loop_soon_any_context();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void GPIOBinarySensorStore::setup(InternalGPIOPin *pin, gpio::InterruptType type, Component *component) {
+  pin->setup();
+  this->isr_pin_ = pin->to_isr();
+  this->component_ = component;
+
+  // Read initial state
+  this->last_state_ = pin->digital_read();
+  this->state_ = this->last_state_;
+
+  // Attach interrupt - from this point on, any changes will be caught by the interrupt
+  pin->attach_interrupt(&GPIOBinarySensorStore::gpio_intr, this, type);
+}
+
 void GPIOBinarySensor::setup() {
-  this->pin_->setup();
-  this->publish_initial_state(this->pin_->digital_read());
+  if (this->use_interrupt_ && !this->pin_->is_internal()) {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "GPIO is not internal, falling back to polling mode");
+    this->use_interrupt_ = false;
+  }
+
+  if (this->use_interrupt_) {
+    auto *internal_pin = static_cast<InternalGPIOPin *>(this->pin_);
+    this->store_.setup(internal_pin, this->interrupt_type_, this);
+    this->publish_initial_state(this->store_.get_state());
+  } else {
+    this->pin_->setup();
+    this->publish_initial_state(this->pin_->digital_read());
+  }
 }
 
 void GPIOBinarySensor::dump_config() {
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("", "GPIO Binary Sensor", this);
   LOG_PIN("  Pin: ", this->pin_);
+  const char *mode = this->use_interrupt_ ? "interrupt" : "polling";
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Mode: %s", mode);
+  if (this->use_interrupt_) {
+    const char *interrupt_type;
+    switch (this->interrupt_type_) {
+      case gpio::INTERRUPT_RISING_EDGE:
+        interrupt_type = "RISING_EDGE";
+        break;
+      case gpio::INTERRUPT_FALLING_EDGE:
+        interrupt_type = "FALLING_EDGE";
+        break;
+      case gpio::INTERRUPT_ANY_EDGE:
+        interrupt_type = "ANY_EDGE";
+        break;
+      default:
+        interrupt_type = "UNKNOWN";
+        break;
+    }
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Interrupt Type: %s", interrupt_type);
+  }
 }
 
-void GPIOBinarySensor::loop() { this->publish_state(this->pin_->digital_read()); }
+void GPIOBinarySensor::loop() {
+  if (this->use_interrupt_) {
+    if (this->store_.is_changed()) {
+      // Clear the flag immediately to minimize the window where we might miss changes
+      this->store_.clear_changed();
+      // Read the state and publish it
+      // Note: If the ISR fires between clear_changed() and get_state(), that's fine -
+      // we'll process the new change on the next loop iteration
+      bool state = this->store_.get_state();
+      this->publish_state(state);
+    } else {
+      // No changes, disable the loop until the next interrupt
+      this->disable_loop();
+    }
+  } else {
+    this->publish_state(this->pin_->digital_read());
+  }
+}
 
 float GPIOBinarySensor::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 

esphome/components/gpio/binary_sensor/gpio_binary_sensor.h

@@ -2,14 +2,51 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace gpio {
 
+// Store class for ISR data (no vtables, ISR-safe)
+class GPIOBinarySensorStore {
+ public:
+  void setup(InternalGPIOPin *pin, gpio::InterruptType type, Component *component);
+
+  static void gpio_intr(GPIOBinarySensorStore *arg);
+
+  bool get_state() const {
+    // No lock needed: state_ is atomically updated by ISR
+    // Volatile ensures we read the latest value
+    return this->state_;
+  }
+
+  bool is_changed() const {
+    // Simple read of volatile bool - no clearing here
+    return this->changed_;
+  }
+
+  void clear_changed() {
+    // Separate method to clear the flag
+    this->changed_ = false;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  ISRInternalGPIOPin isr_pin_;
+  volatile bool state_{false};
+  volatile bool last_state_{false};
+  volatile bool changed_{false};
+  Component *component_{nullptr};  // Pointer to the component for enable_loop_soon_any_context()
+};
+
 class GPIOBinarySensor : public binary_sensor::BinarySensor, public Component {
  public:
+  // No destructor needed: ESPHome components are created at boot and live forever.
+  // Interrupts are only detached on reboot when memory is cleared anyway.
+
   void set_pin(GPIOPin *pin) { pin_ = pin; }
+  void set_use_interrupt(bool use_interrupt) { use_interrupt_ = use_interrupt; }
+  void set_interrupt_type(gpio::InterruptType type) { interrupt_type_ = type; }
   // ========== INTERNAL METHODS ==========
   // (In most use cases you won't need these)
   /// Setup pin
@@ -22,6 +59,9 @@ class GPIOBinarySensor : public binary_sensor::BinarySensor, public Component {
 
  protected:
   GPIOPin *pin_;
+  bool use_interrupt_{true};
+  gpio::InterruptType interrupt_type_{gpio::INTERRUPT_ANY_EDGE};
+  GPIOBinarySensorStore store_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace gpio

esphome/components/ld2410/ld2410.cpp

@@ -17,106 +17,8 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2410 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2410";
-static const char *const NO_MAC = "08:05:04:03:02:01";
-static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
-static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
 
-// Memory-efficient lookup tables
-namespace {
-struct StringToUint8 {
-  const char *str;
-  uint8_t value;
-};
-
-struct Uint8ToString {
-  uint8_t value;
-  const char *str;
-};
-
-constexpr StringToUint8 BAUD_RATES[] = {
-    {"9600", BAUD_RATE_9600},     {"19200", BAUD_RATE_19200},   {"38400", BAUD_RATE_38400},
-    {"57600", BAUD_RATE_57600},   {"115200", BAUD_RATE_115200}, {"230400", BAUD_RATE_230400},
-    {"256000", BAUD_RATE_256000}, {"460800", BAUD_RATE_460800},
-};
-
-constexpr StringToUint8 DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS[] = {
-    {"0.2m", DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_2},
-    {"0.75m", DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_75},
-};
-
-constexpr Uint8ToString DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS_REV[] = {
-    {DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_2, "0.2m"},
-    {DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_75, "0.75m"},
-};
-
-constexpr StringToUint8 LIGHT_FUNCTIONS[] = {
-    {"off", LIGHT_FUNCTION_OFF},
-    {"below", LIGHT_FUNCTION_BELOW},
-    {"above", LIGHT_FUNCTION_ABOVE},
-};
-
-constexpr Uint8ToString LIGHT_FUNCTIONS_REV[] = {
-    {LIGHT_FUNCTION_OFF, "off"},
-    {LIGHT_FUNCTION_BELOW, "below"},
-    {LIGHT_FUNCTION_ABOVE, "above"},
-};
-
-constexpr StringToUint8 OUT_PIN_LEVELS[] = {
-    {"low", OUT_PIN_LEVEL_LOW},
-    {"high", OUT_PIN_LEVEL_HIGH},
-};
-
-constexpr Uint8ToString OUT_PIN_LEVELS_REV[] = {
-    {OUT_PIN_LEVEL_LOW, "low"},
-    {OUT_PIN_LEVEL_HIGH, "high"},
-};
-
-// Helper functions for lookups
-template<size_t N> uint8_t find_uint8(const StringToUint8 (&arr)[N], const std::string &str) {
-  for (const auto &entry : arr) {
-    if (str == entry.str)
-      return entry.value;
-  }
-  return 0xFF;  // Not found
-}
-
-template<size_t N> const char *find_str(const Uint8ToString (&arr)[N], uint8_t value) {
-  for (const auto &entry : arr) {
-    if (value == entry.value)
-      return entry.str;
-  }
-  return "";  // Not found
-}
-}  // namespace
-// Commands
-static const uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_CONF = 0xFF;
-static const uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_CONF = 0xFE;
-static const uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_ENG = 0x62;
-static const uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_ENG = 0x63;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAXDIST_DURATION = 0x60;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY = 0x61;
-static const uint8_t CMD_GATE_SENS = 0x64;
-static const uint8_t CMD_VERSION = 0xA0;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0xAB;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0xAA;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0xAE;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0xAD;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE = 0xA1;
-static const uint8_t CMD_BT_PASSWORD = 0xA9;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAC = 0xA5;
-static const uint8_t CMD_RESET = 0xA2;
-static const uint8_t CMD_RESTART = 0xA3;
-static const uint8_t CMD_BLUETOOTH = 0xA4;
-// Commands values
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAX_MOVE_VALUE = 0x00;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAX_STILL_VALUE = 0x01;
-static const uint8_t CMD_DURATION_VALUE = 0x02;
-// Command Header & Footer
-static const uint8_t CMD_FRAME_HEADER[4] = {0xFD, 0xFC, 0xFB, 0xFA};
-static const uint8_t CMD_FRAME_END[4] = {0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
-// Data Header & Footer
-static const uint8_t DATA_FRAME_HEADER[4] = {0xF4, 0xF3, 0xF2, 0xF1};
-static const uint8_t DATA_FRAME_END[4] = {0xF8, 0xF7, 0xF6, 0xF5};
+LD2410Component::LD2410Component() {}
 
 void LD2410Component::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LD2410:");
@@ -176,7 +78,7 @@ void LD2410Component::dump_config() {
                 "  Throttle: %ums\n"
                 "  MAC address: %s\n"
                 "  Firmware version: %s",
-                this->throttle_, this->mac_ == NO_MAC ? UNKNOWN_MAC : this->mac_.c_str(), this->version_.c_str());
+                this->throttle_, const_cast<char *>(this->mac_.c_str()), const_cast<char *>(this->version_.c_str()));
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::setup() {
@@ -298,7 +200,7 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
   */
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
   if (this->moving_target_distance_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_moving_target_distance = ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[MOVING_TARGET_LOW], buffer[MOVING_TARGET_HIGH]);
+    int new_moving_target_distance = this->two_byte_to_int_(buffer[MOVING_TARGET_LOW], buffer[MOVING_TARGET_HIGH]);
     if (this->moving_target_distance_sensor_->get_state() != new_moving_target_distance)
       this->moving_target_distance_sensor_->publish_state(new_moving_target_distance);
   }
@@ -308,7 +210,7 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
       this->moving_target_energy_sensor_->publish_state(new_moving_target_energy);
   }
   if (this->still_target_distance_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_still_target_distance = ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[STILL_TARGET_LOW], buffer[STILL_TARGET_HIGH]);
+    int new_still_target_distance = this->two_byte_to_int_(buffer[STILL_TARGET_LOW], buffer[STILL_TARGET_HIGH]);
     if (this->still_target_distance_sensor_->get_state() != new_still_target_distance)
       this->still_target_distance_sensor_->publish_state(new_still_target_distance);
   }
@@ -318,7 +220,7 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
       this->still_target_energy_sensor_->publish_state(new_still_target_energy);
   }
   if (this->detection_distance_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_detect_distance = ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[DETECT_DISTANCE_LOW], buffer[DETECT_DISTANCE_HIGH]);
+    int new_detect_distance = this->two_byte_to_int_(buffer[DETECT_DISTANCE_LOW], buffer[DETECT_DISTANCE_HIGH]);
     if (this->detection_distance_sensor_->get_state() != new_detect_distance)
       this->detection_distance_sensor_->publish_state(new_detect_distance);
   }
@@ -380,6 +282,25 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
 #endif
 }
 
+const char VERSION_FMT[] = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
+
+std::string format_version(uint8_t *buffer) {
+  std::string::size_type version_size = 256;
+  std::string version;
+  do {
+    version.resize(version_size + 1);
+    version_size = std::snprintf(&version[0], version.size(), VERSION_FMT, buffer[13], buffer[12], buffer[17],
+                                 buffer[16], buffer[15], buffer[14]);
+  } while (version_size + 1 > version.size());
+  version.resize(version_size);
+  return version;
+}
+
+const char MAC_FMT[] = "%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X";
+
+const std::string UNKNOWN_MAC("unknown");
+const std::string NO_MAC("08:05:04:03:02:01");
+
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
 std::function<void(void)> set_number_value(number::Number *n, float value) {
   float normalized_value = value * 1.0;
@@ -405,7 +326,7 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid status");
     return true;
   }
-  if (ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[8], buffer[9]) != 0x00) {
+  if (this->two_byte_to_int_(buffer[8], buffer[9]) != 0x00) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid command: %u, %u", buffer[8], buffer[9]);
     return true;
   }
@@ -426,8 +347,8 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
 #endif
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_VERSION):
-      this->version_ = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, buffer[13], buffer[12], buffer[17], buffer[16], buffer[15], buffer[14]);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", this->version_.c_str());
+      this->version_ = format_version(buffer);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->version_.c_str()));
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
         this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(this->version_);
@@ -436,8 +357,8 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION): {
       std::string distance_resolution =
-          find_str(DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS_REV, ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[10], buffer[11]));
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Distance resolution: %s", distance_resolution.c_str());
+          DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_INT_TO_ENUM.at(this->two_byte_to_int_(buffer[10], buffer[11]));
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Distance resolution: %s", const_cast<char *>(distance_resolution.c_str()));
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
       if (this->distance_resolution_select_ != nullptr &&
           this->distance_resolution_select_->state != distance_resolution) {
@@ -446,9 +367,9 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
 #endif
     } break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL): {
-      this->light_function_ = find_str(LIGHT_FUNCTIONS_REV, buffer[10]);
+      this->light_function_ = LIGHT_FUNCTION_INT_TO_ENUM.at(buffer[10]);
       this->light_threshold_ = buffer[11] * 1.0;
-      this->out_pin_level_ = find_str(OUT_PIN_LEVELS_REV, buffer[12]);
+      this->out_pin_level_ = OUT_PIN_LEVEL_INT_TO_ENUM.at(buffer[12]);
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Light function: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->light_function_.c_str()));
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Light threshold: %f", this->light_threshold_);
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Out pin level: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->out_pin_level_.c_str()));
@@ -481,7 +402,7 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->bluetooth_switch_ != nullptr) {
-        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->mac_ != NO_MAC);
+        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->mac_ != UNKNOWN_MAC);
       }
 #endif
       break;
@@ -527,7 +448,7 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
       /*
         None Duration: 33~34th bytes
       */
-      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->timeout_number_, ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[32], buffer[33])));
+      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->timeout_number_, this->two_byte_to_int_(buffer[32], buffer[33])));
       for (auto &update : updates) {
         update();
       }
@@ -584,14 +505,14 @@ void LD2410Component::set_bluetooth(bool enable) {
 
 void LD2410Component::set_distance_resolution(const std::string &state) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS, state), 0x00};
+  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_ENUM_TO_INT.at(state), 0x00};
   this->send_command_(CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION, cmd_value, 2);
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_and_read_all_info(); });
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_baud_rate(const std::string &state) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(BAUD_RATES, state), 0x00};
+  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {BAUD_RATE_ENUM_TO_INT.at(state), 0x00};
   this->send_command_(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE, cmd_value, 2);
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_(); });
 }
@@ -725,9 +646,9 @@ void LD2410Component::set_light_out_control() {
     return;
   }
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t light_function = find_uint8(LIGHT_FUNCTIONS, this->light_function_);
+  uint8_t light_function = LIGHT_FUNCTION_ENUM_TO_INT.at(this->light_function_);
   uint8_t light_threshold = static_cast<uint8_t>(this->light_threshold_);
-  uint8_t out_pin_level = find_uint8(OUT_PIN_LEVELS, this->out_pin_level_);
+  uint8_t out_pin_level = OUT_PIN_LEVEL_ENUM_TO_INT.at(this->out_pin_level_);
   uint8_t value[4] = {light_function, light_threshold, out_pin_level, 0x00};
   this->send_command_(CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL, value, 4);
   delay(50);  // NOLINT

esphome/components/ld2410/ld2410.h

@@ -26,11 +26,33 @@
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
+#include <map>
+
 namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2410 {
 
 #define CHECK_BIT(var, pos) (((var) >> (pos)) & 1)
 
+// Commands
+static const uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_CONF = 0x00FF;
+static const uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_CONF = 0x00FE;
+static const uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_ENG = 0x0062;
+static const uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_ENG = 0x0063;
+static const uint8_t CMD_MAXDIST_DURATION = 0x0060;
+static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY = 0x0061;
+static const uint8_t CMD_GATE_SENS = 0x0064;
+static const uint8_t CMD_VERSION = 0x00A0;
+static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0x00AB;
+static const uint8_t CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0x00AA;
+static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0x00AE;
+static const uint8_t CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0x00AD;
+static const uint8_t CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE = 0x00A1;
+static const uint8_t CMD_BT_PASSWORD = 0x00A9;
+static const uint8_t CMD_MAC = 0x00A5;
+static const uint8_t CMD_RESET = 0x00A2;
+static const uint8_t CMD_RESTART = 0x00A3;
+static const uint8_t CMD_BLUETOOTH = 0x00A4;
+
 enum BaudRateStructure : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_9600 = 1,
   BAUD_RATE_19200 = 2,
@@ -39,25 +61,58 @@ enum BaudRateStructure : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_115200 = 5,
   BAUD_RATE_230400 = 6,
   BAUD_RATE_256000 = 7,
-  BAUD_RATE_460800 = 8,
+  BAUD_RATE_460800 = 8
 };
 
-enum DistanceResolutionStructure : uint8_t {
-  DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_2 = 0x01,
-  DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_75 = 0x00,
-};
+static const std::map<std::string, uint8_t> BAUD_RATE_ENUM_TO_INT{
+    {"9600", BAUD_RATE_9600},     {"19200", BAUD_RATE_19200},   {"38400", BAUD_RATE_38400},
+    {"57600", BAUD_RATE_57600},   {"115200", BAUD_RATE_115200}, {"230400", BAUD_RATE_230400},
+    {"256000", BAUD_RATE_256000}, {"460800", BAUD_RATE_460800}};
+
+enum DistanceResolutionStructure : uint8_t { DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_2 = 0x01, DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_75 = 0x00 };
+
+static const std::map<std::string, uint8_t> DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_ENUM_TO_INT{{"0.2m", DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_2},
+                                                                            {"0.75m", DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_75}};
+static const std::map<uint8_t, std::string> DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_INT_TO_ENUM{{DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_2, "0.2m"},
+                                                                            {DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_75, "0.75m"}};
 
 enum LightFunctionStructure : uint8_t {
   LIGHT_FUNCTION_OFF = 0x00,
   LIGHT_FUNCTION_BELOW = 0x01,
-  LIGHT_FUNCTION_ABOVE = 0x02,
+  LIGHT_FUNCTION_ABOVE = 0x02
 };
 
-enum OutPinLevelStructure : uint8_t {
-  OUT_PIN_LEVEL_LOW = 0x00,
-  OUT_PIN_LEVEL_HIGH = 0x01,
-};
+static const std::map<std::string, uint8_t> LIGHT_FUNCTION_ENUM_TO_INT{
+    {"off", LIGHT_FUNCTION_OFF}, {"below", LIGHT_FUNCTION_BELOW}, {"above", LIGHT_FUNCTION_ABOVE}};
+static const std::map<uint8_t, std::string> LIGHT_FUNCTION_INT_TO_ENUM{
+    {LIGHT_FUNCTION_OFF, "off"}, {LIGHT_FUNCTION_BELOW, "below"}, {LIGHT_FUNCTION_ABOVE, "above"}};
 
+enum OutPinLevelStructure : uint8_t { OUT_PIN_LEVEL_LOW = 0x00, OUT_PIN_LEVEL_HIGH = 0x01 };
+
+static const std::map<std::string, uint8_t> OUT_PIN_LEVEL_ENUM_TO_INT{{"low", OUT_PIN_LEVEL_LOW},
+                                                                      {"high", OUT_PIN_LEVEL_HIGH}};
+static const std::map<uint8_t, std::string> OUT_PIN_LEVEL_INT_TO_ENUM{{OUT_PIN_LEVEL_LOW, "low"},
+                                                                      {OUT_PIN_LEVEL_HIGH, "high"}};
+
+// Commands values
+static const uint8_t CMD_MAX_MOVE_VALUE = 0x0000;
+static const uint8_t CMD_MAX_STILL_VALUE = 0x0001;
+static const uint8_t CMD_DURATION_VALUE = 0x0002;
+// Command Header & Footer
+static const uint8_t CMD_FRAME_HEADER[4] = {0xFD, 0xFC, 0xFB, 0xFA};
+static const uint8_t CMD_FRAME_END[4] = {0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
+// Data Header & Footer
+static const uint8_t DATA_FRAME_HEADER[4] = {0xF4, 0xF3, 0xF2, 0xF1};
+static const uint8_t DATA_FRAME_END[4] = {0xF8, 0xF7, 0xF6, 0xF5};
+/*
+Data Type: 6th byte
+Target states: 9th byte
+    Moving target distance: 10~11th bytes
+    Moving target energy: 12th byte
+    Still target distance: 13~14th bytes
+    Still target energy: 15th byte
+    Detect distance: 16~17th bytes
+*/
 enum PeriodicDataStructure : uint8_t {
   DATA_TYPES = 6,
   TARGET_STATES = 8,
@@ -74,20 +129,11 @@ enum PeriodicDataStructure : uint8_t {
   LIGHT_SENSOR = 37,
   OUT_PIN_SENSOR = 38,
 };
+enum PeriodicDataValue : uint8_t { HEAD = 0xAA, END = 0x55, CHECK = 0x00 };
 
-enum PeriodicDataValue : uint8_t {
-  HEAD = 0xAA,
-  END = 0x55,
-  CHECK = 0x00,
-};
-
-enum AckDataStructure : uint8_t {
-  COMMAND = 6,
-  COMMAND_STATUS = 7,
-};
-
-static inline int two_byte_to_int(char firstbyte, char secondbyte) { return (int16_t) (secondbyte << 8) + firstbyte; }
+enum AckDataStructure : uint8_t { COMMAND = 6, COMMAND_STATUS = 7 };
 
+//  char cmd[2] = {enable ? 0xFF : 0xFE, 0x00};
 class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
   SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_distance)
@@ -130,6 +176,7 @@ class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
 #endif
 
  public:
+  LD2410Component();
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
   void loop() override;
@@ -155,6 +202,7 @@ class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   void factory_reset();
 
  protected:
+  int two_byte_to_int_(char firstbyte, char secondbyte) { return (int16_t) (secondbyte << 8) + firstbyte; }
   void send_command_(uint8_t command_str, const uint8_t *command_value, int command_value_len);
   void set_config_mode_(bool enable);
   void handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len);
@@ -167,14 +215,14 @@ class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   void get_light_control_();
   void restart_();
 
-  int32_t last_periodic_millis_ = 0;
-  int32_t last_engineering_mode_change_millis_ = 0;
+  int32_t last_periodic_millis_ = millis();
+  int32_t last_engineering_mode_change_millis_ = millis();
   uint16_t throttle_;
-  float light_threshold_ = -1;
   std::string version_;
   std::string mac_;
   std::string out_pin_level_;
   std::string light_function_;
+  float light_threshold_ = -1;
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
   std::vector<number::Number *> gate_still_threshold_numbers_ = std::vector<number::Number *>(9);
   std::vector<number::Number *> gate_move_threshold_numbers_ = std::vector<number::Number *>(9);

esphome/components/ld2450/ld2450.cpp

@@ -17,9 +17,8 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2450 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2450";
-static const char *const NO_MAC = "08:05:04:03:02:01";
-static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
-static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
+static const char *const NO_MAC("08:05:04:03:02:01");
+static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC("unknown");
 
 // LD2450 UART Serial Commands
 static const uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_CONF = 0x00FF;
@@ -99,6 +98,13 @@ static inline std::string get_direction(int16_t speed) {
   return STATIONARY;
 }
 
+static inline std::string format_version(uint8_t *buffer) {
+  return str_sprintf("%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X", buffer[13], buffer[12], buffer[17], buffer[16], buffer[15],
+                     buffer[14]);
+}
+
+LD2450Component::LD2450Component() {}
+
 void LD2450Component::setup() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Running setup");
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
@@ -183,7 +189,7 @@ void LD2450Component::dump_config() {
                 "  Throttle: %ums\n"
                 "  MAC Address: %s\n"
                 "  Firmware version: %s",
-                this->throttle_, this->mac_ == NO_MAC ? UNKNOWN_MAC : this->mac_.c_str(), this->version_.c_str());
+                this->throttle_, const_cast<char *>(this->mac_.c_str()), const_cast<char *>(this->version_.c_str()));
 }
 
 void LD2450Component::loop() {
@@ -590,7 +596,7 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 #endif
       break;
     case lowbyte(CMD_VERSION):
-      this->version_ = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, buffer[13], buffer[12], buffer[17], buffer[16], buffer[15], buffer[14]);
+      this->version_ = ld2450::format_version(buffer);
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", this->version_.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
@@ -611,7 +617,7 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->bluetooth_switch_ != nullptr) {
-        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->mac_ != NO_MAC);
+        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->mac_ != UNKNOWN_MAC);
       }
 #endif
       break;

esphome/components/ld2450/ld2450.h

@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ class LD2450Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
 #endif
 
  public:
+  LD2450Component();
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
   void loop() override;
@@ -196,17 +197,17 @@ class LD2450Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   bool get_timeout_status_(uint32_t check_millis);
   uint8_t count_targets_in_zone_(const Zone &zone, bool is_moving);
 
+  Target target_info_[MAX_TARGETS];
+  Zone zone_config_[MAX_ZONES];
+  uint8_t buffer_pos_ = 0;  // where to resume processing/populating buffer
+  uint8_t buffer_data_[MAX_LINE_LENGTH];
   uint32_t last_periodic_millis_ = 0;
   uint32_t presence_millis_ = 0;
   uint32_t still_presence_millis_ = 0;
   uint32_t moving_presence_millis_ = 0;
   uint16_t throttle_ = 0;
   uint16_t timeout_ = 5;
-  uint8_t buffer_pos_ = 0;  // where to resume processing/populating buffer
-  uint8_t buffer_data_[MAX_LINE_LENGTH];
   uint8_t zone_type_ = 0;
-  Target target_info_[MAX_TARGETS];
-  Zone zone_config_[MAX_ZONES];
   std::string version_{};
   std::string mac_{};
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER

esphome/components/runtime_stats/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""
+Runtime statistics component for ESPHome.
+"""
+
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+
+DEPENDENCIES = []
+
+CONF_ENABLED = "enabled"
+CONF_LOG_INTERVAL = "log_interval"
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.Optional(CONF_ENABLED, default=True): cv.boolean,
+        cv.Optional(
+            CONF_LOG_INTERVAL, default=60000
+        ): cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds,
+    }
+)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    """Generate code for the runtime statistics component."""
+    cg.add(cg.App.set_runtime_stats_enabled(config[CONF_ENABLED]))
+    cg.add(cg.App.set_runtime_stats_log_interval(config[CONF_LOG_INTERVAL]))

esphome/core/application.cpp

@@ -136,6 +136,10 @@ void Application::loop() {
   this->in_loop_ = false;
   this->app_state_ = new_app_state;
 
+  // Process any pending runtime stats printing after all components have run
+  // This ensures stats printing doesn't affect component timing measurements
+  runtime_stats.process_pending_stats(last_op_end_time);
+
   // Use the last component's end time instead of calling millis() again
   auto elapsed = last_op_end_time - this->last_loop_;
   if (elapsed >= this->loop_interval_ || HighFrequencyLoopRequester::is_high_frequency()) {

esphome/core/application.h

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/preferences.h"
+#include "esphome/core/runtime_stats.h"
 #include "esphome/core/scheduler.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
@@ -337,9 +338,6 @@ class Application {
    * Each component can request a high frequency loop execution by using the HighFrequencyLoopRequester
    * helper in helpers.h
    *
-   * Note: This method is not called by ESPHome core code. It is only used by lambda functions
-   * in YAML configurations or by external components.
-   *
    * @param loop_interval The interval in milliseconds to run the core loop at. Defaults to 16 milliseconds.
    */
   void set_loop_interval(uint32_t loop_interval) {
@@ -348,6 +346,18 @@ class Application {
 
   uint32_t get_loop_interval() const { return static_cast<uint32_t>(this->loop_interval_); }
 
+  /** Enable or disable runtime statistics collection.
+   *
+   * @param enable Whether to enable runtime statistics collection.
+   */
+  void set_runtime_stats_enabled(bool enable) { runtime_stats.set_enabled(enable); }
+
+  /** Set the interval at which runtime statistics are logged.
+   *
+   * @param interval The interval in milliseconds between logging of runtime statistics.
+   */
+  void set_runtime_stats_log_interval(uint32_t interval) { runtime_stats.set_log_interval(interval); }
+
   void schedule_dump_config() { this->dump_config_at_ = 0; }
 
   void feed_wdt(uint32_t time = 0);

esphome/core/component.cpp

@@ -303,6 +303,9 @@ uint32_t WarnIfComponentBlockingGuard::finish() {
   uint32_t curr_time = millis();
 
   uint32_t blocking_time = curr_time - this->started_;
+
+  // Record component runtime stats
+  runtime_stats.record_component_time(this->component_, blocking_time, curr_time);
   bool should_warn;
   if (this->component_ != nullptr) {
     should_warn = this->component_->should_warn_of_blocking(blocking_time);

esphome/core/component.h

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include "esphome/core/optional.h"
+#include "esphome/core/runtime_stats.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 

esphome/core/component_iterator.cpp

@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ void ComponentIterator::advance() {
   }
 
   if (advance_platform) {
-    this->state_ = static_cast<IteratorState>(static_cast<uint32_t>(this->state_) + 1);
+    this->state_ = static_cast<IteratorState>(static_cast<uint16_t>(this->state_) + 1);
     this->at_ = 0;
   } else if (success) {
     this->at_++;

esphome/core/component_iterator.h

@@ -93,7 +93,9 @@ class ComponentIterator {
   virtual bool on_end();
 
  protected:
-  enum class IteratorState {
+  // Iterates over all ESPHome entities (sensors, switches, lights, etc.)
+  // Supports up to 256 entity types and up to 65,535 entities of each type
+  enum class IteratorState : uint8_t {
     NONE = 0,
     BEGIN,
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
@@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ class ComponentIterator {
 #endif
     MAX,
   } state_{IteratorState::NONE};
-  size_t at_{0};
+  uint16_t at_{0};  // Supports up to 65,535 entities per type
   bool include_internal_{false};
 };
 

esphome/core/runtime_stats.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#include "esphome/core/runtime_stats.h"
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace esphome {
+
+RuntimeStatsCollector runtime_stats;
+
+void RuntimeStatsCollector::record_component_time(Component *component, uint32_t duration_ms, uint32_t current_time) {
+  if (!this->enabled_ || component == nullptr)
+    return;
+
+  // Check if we have cached the name for this component
+  auto name_it = this->component_names_cache_.find(component);
+  if (name_it == this->component_names_cache_.end()) {
+    // First time seeing this component, cache its name
+    const char *source = component->get_component_source();
+    this->component_names_cache_[component] = source;
+    this->component_stats_[source].record_time(duration_ms);
+  } else {
+    // Use cached name - no string operations, just map lookup
+    this->component_stats_[name_it->second].record_time(duration_ms);
+  }
+
+  // If next_log_time_ is 0, initialize it
+  if (this->next_log_time_ == 0) {
+    this->next_log_time_ = current_time + this->log_interval_;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Don't print stats here anymore - let process_pending_stats handle it
+}
+
+void RuntimeStatsCollector::log_stats_() {
+  ESP_LOGI(RUNTIME_TAG, "Component Runtime Statistics");
+  ESP_LOGI(RUNTIME_TAG, "Period stats (last %" PRIu32 "ms):", this->log_interval_);
+
+  // First collect stats we want to display
+  std::vector<ComponentStatPair> stats_to_display;
+
+  for (const auto &it : this->component_stats_) {
+    const ComponentRuntimeStats &stats = it.second;
+    if (stats.get_period_count() > 0) {
+      ComponentStatPair pair = {it.first, &stats};
+      stats_to_display.push_back(pair);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Sort by period runtime (descending)
+  std::sort(stats_to_display.begin(), stats_to_display.end(), std::greater<ComponentStatPair>());
+
+  // Log top components by period runtime
+  for (const auto &it : stats_to_display) {
+    const std::string &source = it.name;
+    const ComponentRuntimeStats *stats = it.stats;
+
+    ESP_LOGI(RUNTIME_TAG, "  %s: count=%" PRIu32 ", avg=%.2fms, max=%" PRIu32 "ms, total=%" PRIu32 "ms", source.c_str(),
+             stats->get_period_count(), stats->get_period_avg_time_ms(), stats->get_period_max_time_ms(),
+             stats->get_period_time_ms());
+  }
+
+  // Log total stats since boot
+  ESP_LOGI(RUNTIME_TAG, "Total stats (since boot):");
+
+  // Re-sort by total runtime for all-time stats
+  std::sort(stats_to_display.begin(), stats_to_display.end(),
+            [](const ComponentStatPair &a, const ComponentStatPair &b) {
+              return a.stats->get_total_time_ms() > b.stats->get_total_time_ms();
+            });
+
+  for (const auto &it : stats_to_display) {
+    const std::string &source = it.name;
+    const ComponentRuntimeStats *stats = it.stats;
+
+    ESP_LOGI(RUNTIME_TAG, "  %s: count=%" PRIu32 ", avg=%.2fms, max=%" PRIu32 "ms, total=%" PRIu32 "ms", source.c_str(),
+             stats->get_total_count(), stats->get_total_avg_time_ms(), stats->get_total_max_time_ms(),
+             stats->get_total_time_ms());
+  }
+}
+
+void RuntimeStatsCollector::process_pending_stats(uint32_t current_time) {
+  if (!this->enabled_ || this->next_log_time_ == 0)
+    return;
+
+  if (current_time >= this->next_log_time_) {
+    this->log_stats_();
+    this->reset_stats_();
+    this->next_log_time_ = current_time + this->log_interval_;
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/core/runtime_stats.h

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+
+static const char *const RUNTIME_TAG = "runtime";
+
+class Component;  // Forward declaration
+
+class ComponentRuntimeStats {
+ public:
+  ComponentRuntimeStats()
+      : period_count_(0),
+        total_count_(0),
+        period_time_ms_(0),
+        total_time_ms_(0),
+        period_max_time_ms_(0),
+        total_max_time_ms_(0) {}
+
+  void record_time(uint32_t duration_ms) {
+    // Update period counters
+    this->period_count_++;
+    this->period_time_ms_ += duration_ms;
+    if (duration_ms > this->period_max_time_ms_)
+      this->period_max_time_ms_ = duration_ms;
+
+    // Update total counters
+    this->total_count_++;
+    this->total_time_ms_ += duration_ms;
+    if (duration_ms > this->total_max_time_ms_)
+      this->total_max_time_ms_ = duration_ms;
+  }
+
+  void reset_period_stats() {
+    this->period_count_ = 0;
+    this->period_time_ms_ = 0;
+    this->period_max_time_ms_ = 0;
+  }
+
+  // Period stats (reset each logging interval)
+  uint32_t get_period_count() const { return this->period_count_; }
+  uint32_t get_period_time_ms() const { return this->period_time_ms_; }
+  uint32_t get_period_max_time_ms() const { return this->period_max_time_ms_; }
+  float get_period_avg_time_ms() const {
+    return this->period_count_ > 0 ? this->period_time_ms_ / static_cast<float>(this->period_count_) : 0.0f;
+  }
+
+  // Total stats (persistent until reboot)
+  uint32_t get_total_count() const { return this->total_count_; }
+  uint32_t get_total_time_ms() const { return this->total_time_ms_; }
+  uint32_t get_total_max_time_ms() const { return this->total_max_time_ms_; }
+  float get_total_avg_time_ms() const {
+    return this->total_count_ > 0 ? this->total_time_ms_ / static_cast<float>(this->total_count_) : 0.0f;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  // Period stats (reset each logging interval)
+  uint32_t period_count_;
+  uint32_t period_time_ms_;
+  uint32_t period_max_time_ms_;
+
+  // Total stats (persistent until reboot)
+  uint32_t total_count_;
+  uint32_t total_time_ms_;
+  uint32_t total_max_time_ms_;
+};
+
+// For sorting components by run time
+struct ComponentStatPair {
+  std::string name;
+  const ComponentRuntimeStats *stats;
+
+  bool operator>(const ComponentStatPair &other) const {
+    // Sort by period time as that's what we're displaying in the logs
+    return stats->get_period_time_ms() > other.stats->get_period_time_ms();
+  }
+};
+
+class RuntimeStatsCollector {
+ public:
+  RuntimeStatsCollector() : log_interval_(60000), next_log_time_(0), enabled_(true) {}
+
+  void set_log_interval(uint32_t log_interval) { this->log_interval_ = log_interval; }
+  uint32_t get_log_interval() const { return this->log_interval_; }
+
+  void set_enabled(bool enabled) { this->enabled_ = enabled; }
+  bool is_enabled() const { return this->enabled_; }
+
+  void record_component_time(Component *component, uint32_t duration_ms, uint32_t current_time);
+
+  // Process any pending stats printing (should be called after component loop)
+  void process_pending_stats(uint32_t current_time);
+
+ protected:
+  void log_stats_();
+
+  void reset_stats_() {
+    for (auto &it : this->component_stats_) {
+      it.second.reset_period_stats();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Back to string keys, but we'll cache the source name per component
+  std::map<std::string, ComponentRuntimeStats> component_stats_;
+  std::map<Component *, std::string> component_names_cache_;
+  uint32_t log_interval_;
+  uint32_t next_log_time_;
+  bool enabled_;
+};
+
+// Global instance for runtime stats collection
+extern RuntimeStatsCollector runtime_stats;
+
+}  // namespace esphome

script/api_protobuf/api_protobuf.py

@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ def build_message_type(
         public_content.append("#ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP")
         snake_name = camel_to_snake(desc.name)
         public_content.append(
-            f'const char *message_name() const override {{ return "{snake_name}"; }}'
+            f'static constexpr const char *message_name() {{ return "{snake_name}"; }}'
         )
         public_content.append("#endif")
 
@@ -1356,7 +1356,7 @@ def main() -> None:
     hpp += "  template<typename T>\n"
     hpp += "  bool send_message(const T &msg) {\n"
     hpp += "#ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP\n"
-    hpp += "    this->log_send_message_(msg.message_name(), msg.dump());\n"
+    hpp += "    this->log_send_message_(T::message_name(), msg.dump());\n"
     hpp += "#endif\n"
     hpp += "    return this->send_message_(msg, T::MESSAGE_TYPE);\n"
     hpp += "  }\n\n"